Cyanobacteria extensively distributed in inland and ocean water are very important for carbon and nitrogen cycle. With the help of the remote sensing technique, phycocyanin and phycoerythin with characteristic spectra can be used to detect the quality and quantity of cyanobacteria in water. This paper mainly deals with cyanobacteria remote sensing in inland and ocean water as well as the situation of researches on cyanobacteria and bio-optical model in China. The research tendency in future is also predicted.

 Water vapor is a key parameter in climate change and quantitative remote sensing. For ground based sun-photometer data，the modified Langley method can be used to derive precipitable water (PW). In this paper, the authors retrieved PW by means of 940 nm water vapor high-absorption channel and non-gas absorption 870 nm and 1 020 nm channels. After deriving aerosol optical thickness (AOT) of 870 nm and 1 020 nm channels, AOT of 936 nm was interpolated by using the Angstrom law. Using simulation with the MODTRAN 4.0 radiation transform model under different atmospheric models and zenith angles，the authors detected the relationship between PW and atmospheric transmittance. Then PW was retrieved every two minutes by means of the modified Langley method. The results show that the temporal variation of PW in autumn remains remarkable in the study area，and the main error source seems to be the cloud effect. This method is useful in atmospheric and thermal remote sensing studies.

 Color balance between images is one of the key problems in building large-scale seamless image database. Based on analyzing characteristics of present methods for color balance and for building of large-scale seamless image database, this paper proposals an improved color balance method according to Wallis adaptive filter. Taking into account both local and global information, the method can not only diminish the processing error for each image but also remove the spatial transfer and the accumulation of the processing error. With this method, the preservation of the radiometric resolution becomes easy. Experiments show that this method can diminish the color differences between images and solve the color balance problem effectively.

 As irradiance depends on slope and aspect, the remote sensing image in rugged areas is severely affected by the topographic effects. Topographic correction based on sun-canopy-sensor (SCS) geometry is more appropriate than terrain-based corrections in forest areas because SCS preserves the geotropic nature of trees (vertical growth) regardless of terrain, view, and illumination angles. However, in some terrain orientations, SCS might encounter the overcorrection problem similar to other simple photometric functions. To solve this problem, Scott proposes a new SCS+C correction that accounts for diffused atmospheric irradiance based on the C-correction. The SCS+C method was tested by a Landsat 5 image in a rugged area of Beijing. The results show that SCS+C can provide improved corrections compared with the SCS and three other photometric approaches (cosine, C, SCS), remove topographic effects successfully and restore the land-surface information in shadow areas effectively.

Capable of working all day and under various weather conditions，the radiometer can provide the specific information which infrared and optical detectors fail to provide. This paper describes a mathematical morphological algorithm for edge detection in millimeter wave radiometric image. It is demonstrated that this algorithm operates more effectively than the traditional algorithms and the common morphological methods in edge detection.

 In recent years, the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have aroused increasing interests among experts for such civilian applications as disaster monitoring, surveillance and spatial decision-making support. The high-resolution orthoimage generated from the UAVs video image stream can be used as a basic map for planners and decision-makers to make decisions by obtaining high precision geospatial data through registering, compiling, measuring and analyzing the orthoimage. This paper presents the methods for producing the true orthoimage from UAVs streams. The IOPs are calculated by using iteration algorithm having the EOPs obtained from GPS and INS system as initial values, and these parameters are used for rectification of UAVs image. Experimental results show that all the orthoimages are of high accuracy under the condition that DEM/DSM,DOQQ and UAVs video image have the same resolution.

 A new method for detection of roads in multi-channel polarimetric SAR images is proposed in this paper. The technology for construction of the road detector from edge detectors was described, the approach based on multivariate statistical hypothesis tests was applied to information fusion of SAR images, and the extracting result from two traditional Tupin methods and that from the method proposed in this paper were compared with each other. Experiments show that the method proposed in this paper,  when applied to detecting roads on a full-polarimetric SAR image, can yield relatively satisfactory result.

 Using the remote sensing technology in archaeology, the authors carried out general researches on the old river courses and old cities in the Sanxingdui site by processing and interpreting Landsat ETM+ data and aviation data. The results were compared with each other, and some formerly undetected old cities and old river courses were discovered from south of the Mamu River northward. It is thought that old Sanxingdui city had two layers, one was outside the city whereas the other was inside the city. The authors provide a scientific basis for sustainable establishment of cultural relic protection and make some suggestions to help the department of cultural relics in planning and programming old cities.

 Based on remote sensing monitoring and investigation combined with data of Quaternary geology, the authors studied and analyzed the change process of the Yellow River course in Yinchuan plain sector. It is found that the Yellow River in Yinchuan plain sector was formed in Early Pleistocene and the river course frequently moved eastward after that. In Middle and Late Pleistocene, the river course grew remarkably. In Holocene, the sediments of the Yellow River formed the main body of the Yinchuan plain, with several old river courses left on it. In recent years, the river course has become increasingly narrower and remained shifting eastward.

This paper deals with some techniques and methods for creation of a three-dimensional urban landscape model based on the high-resolution remote sensing image. As the high-resolution remote sensing images have such characteristics as high definition, rich information and strong real time capacity，they can be used to acquire a great abundance of information concerning urban landscape exactly and rapidly. The results show that the procedure is efficient, rapid and economical in creating the three-dimensional urban landscape model.

 Based on analyzing the disadvantages of traditional approaches, this paper employs a new method, i.e., MNF and MAD transformation, for urban expansion research of Dongying. The accuracy estimation of changing imagery shows that the overall accuracy is 0.901 and the Kappa coefficient is 0.802, suggesting that the method proposed in this paper is efficient.

 Based on multi-temporal Landsat imageries, the authors extracted the urban built-up areas in Changsha City,

Hunan province on the basis of such methods as supervised classification, unsupervised classification and NDBI index. The

spatio-temporal patterns of the urban expansion were analyzed quantitatively by using the entropy value and differential

entropy value of sequential urban land use images. Overlay and buffer spatial analysis were used to establish the

relationship between the urban expansion and the distance from the city center. On such a basis, the expansion rate map was

drawn to show the dominant direction of urban expansion. The results show that the urban built-up areas have continued to

increase, and the expansion was directed mostly southeastward from 1973 to 1986, westward from 1987 to 1993, and southward

and southeastward from 1994 to 2001. The rapid increase of population is thought to be the most important driving force of

urban expansion.

 Landsat thermal images were used to study the urban heat island effect of Quanzhou City during its urbanizationperiod from 1989 to 2000. The result shows that the area of heat island is increasing along with urban expansion, and thetrend is the same as that of urban expansion. The seasonal difference makes the comparison of the thermal image data verydifficult. In order to solve this problem, the authors processed different thermal infrared bands one by one with the helpof image normalization technology. The intensity and the spatial structure of the urban heat island effect were investigated by means of landscape analysis. It is shown that agglomerate, circularity and fragment are three basic configurations of the heat island in Quanzhou City. The cause of the urban heat island is discussed and the effective measures are suggested to tackle the urban heat island effect.

 Based on the GIS and RS techniques and the Landsat TM/ETM data and applying the principle of Landscape Ecology and the technique of GIS, the authors studied the dynamic change of the landscape pattern from 1991 to 2000 in Yanchi County of Ningxia, one of the typical farming-pasture ecotonal areas in China. It is concluded that the areas of all types of landscapes in Yanchi increased or decreased to some extent, that the landscape pattern was at the unstable stage, with the pasture remaining the eco-landscape matrix, and that the principal landscape pattern was still characterized by the farming-pasture ecotone.

 In order to study dynamic change characteristics of swamps in Zioge plateau area composed of Zioge County, Maqu County and Hongyuan County, the authors made use of the remote sensing data and the Geographical Information System technology and introduced four characteristic parameters such as the degree of dynamic change to get the numerical values of these characteristics. The results show that there has been a remarkably decreasing trend of swamp area in the past 30 years, though the decreasing speed has somewhat slowed down in recent years, and that the fragmentation of swamp landscape has been evident in this area. Furthermore, there exists a temporal-spatial pattern in the swamp degradation of this area.

Based on the Landsat TM imagine of 2000 and the CBERS-2 imagine of 2004, the authors monitored the situation and dynamic variation of the ecological environment in Shandong by using RS and GIS techniques. The remote sensing monitoring database of the ecological environment was established and the spatial-temporal features of the ecological environment were analyzed. The results show that, of all the ecosystem types distributed in Shandong province, farmland, residential districts and industrial as well as mining sites possess the most important position, whereas forest, grassland, waters and unexploited land are relatively subordinate. The main character of dynamic variation of the ecological environment in Shandong is the obvious decrease of farmland and the considerable increase of residential, industrial and mining lands.

This paper has reviewed two kinds of spatio-temporal data models, namely, space based and time based ones. The authors developed an object-oriented spatio-temporal data model for planning road centerlines, and realized querying and updating of objects in the planning of road centerline. This model can make use of existent GIS functions on spatial analysis and extend functions of temporal analysis. It can preserve data and restore historical data conveniently. There exists no redundant spatial information and very little redundant temporal information. The variation reason can also be expressed with the model.

 There exist increasingly serious and dangerous photochemical smog events in some cities caused by increasing motor vehicles. The prediction and early warning system, however, has not started to work. Therefore, we had better monitor the photochemical smog using remote sensing data and, at the same time, build the early warning system. Studies reveal a distinct positive correlation between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and air pollution monitored by MODIS data. When AOD<0.3, air is clean; when 0.3<AOD<1.0, there exists weak air pollution; and when AOD>1.0, air pollution becomes serious. Based on analyzing the correlation between AOD and air pollution and using data of air pollution monitors and Air pollution Index (API), this paper has divided the early warning system of Urban Photochemical Smog Pollution into five grades: nil, faint, weak, relatively strong and strong, Verification with the example of Guangzhuo has laid the foundation for the application of the Advanced Warning Mechanism System to the Urban Photochemical Smog Pollution.