In this paper, the lunar exploration results are summarized in three aspects, namely lunar composition exploration,

interior structure exploration, and lunar origin and evolution. On the basis of the summarization, the existing problems and

development orientation of lunar exploration are analyzed and summarized preliminarily. First, the integration of radioactive

exploration and remote sensing exploration will deepen the knowledge of the compositions of the lunar surface. Second, the synthesis

of different geophysical exploration methods is the development orientation, and the acquisition of more lunar quake data is the key

to studying the inner structure of the moon. Third, several hypotheses of the origin and evolution of the moon will develop into one

theory when more lunar exploration data are collected.

The landing exploration of the moon is one of the main goals of China’s lunar exploration, and the selection of landing sites is very important to achieve this goal. On the basis of summarizing scientific goals of lunar exploration and analyzing distribution characteristics of landing sites, the authors chose three craters of Copernicus, Kepler, and Aristarchus in KREEP rock distribution area as candidate landing sites. A preliminary comparison and analysis of these sites in the aspects of composition, characteristics and safety were also made by using CE-1 CCD data, LIDAR data and Clementine UV/VIS/NIR data.

According to DEM on the lunar surface based on Chang’E-1 LAM data and maps of major minerals and some elements on the lunar surface based on Clementine multi-spectral data, this paper systematically analyzed the coupling relationship between topography and physiognomy and rock distribution on the lunar surface. It is tentatively considered that two deep ruptures trending respectively southwest and southeast are distributed on the lunar surface. Under the action of an internal momentum, the tensile force and the external force, there are distributed on the lunar surface the U-landscape pattern, the plagioclase on the lunar highland, the mares basalt and the high FeO abnormal basic rocks in Aitken Basin.

The distribution of mineral abundances on lunar surface is one of the basic kinds of information which contains important data such as the origin and evolution of the moon. In this paper, the distribution of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, olivine, plagioclase and ilmenite on lunar surface was mapped based on Hapke radioactive transfer model and linear unmixing of spectra using Clementine UV/VIS/NIR data. The result is compared with the results obtained by previous researchers and Apollo sample analysis, and the problems existing in mineral abundance mapping are analyzed preliminarily.

This paper evaluated the characteristics and discussed some problems of IIM 2C data. On the basis of an analysis, the solutions for the problems were provided and a data processing flow was established which can provide a method for future researchers. The results show that the response of the left side of IIM data is lower than that of the right in the space domain, and the response of the longer bands has larger errors in the spectral domain. The authors provided a feasible method for modifying these problems. The resulting reflectance derived from absolute calibration and radiometric distortion correction was matched well with earth-based spectra, which suggests that the modified data can be used to study the geology of the moon. With the modified IIM data this paper probed into the types of the rocks in the Aristarchus Plateau area. The results show that the rocks are diverse in this area in both vertical and horizontal directions. The classification accuracy was improved much after the correction for IIM 2C data. Moreover, the possible landslide on the west wall of the Aristarchus crater was recognized. This study indicates that after calibration and correction the IIM data can contribute to the lunar scientific research by exerting its advantages of high spatial and spectral resolution.

The three array CCD stereo camera onboard the Chang’e orbitor is an important load to realize the moon terrain observation, which progressively scans the lunar surface by three kinds of angles of view, i.e., foresight, front sight and back-sight, thus obtaining two-dimensional phantoms of three kinds of inclination angles between north latitude 70° and south latitude 70°. In the absence of exterior orientation elements and lunar ground control points, a photogrammetric method of three-dimensional modeling is put forward: Through image matching, image points of the same names in the foresight, vertical image and back-sight scanning phantoms can be found; with the exterior orientation elements at each scanning time calculated through resection and the theory of collinear equation, the three-dimensional coordinates of the points on lunar surface can be calculated; finally, on the basis of the former results, the lunar terrain digit elevation model (DEM) radial direction altitude information can be obtained, thus the lunar terrain three-dimensional model is established.

This paper made mineral mapping on Mars using TES data and also simply described and analyzed the typical mineral mapping methods. Combining the Martian environment and the application conditions of the methods, the authors made a brief comparison of these mapping methods and analyzed the difference between them. The results obtained provide basic data for further studies of the mineral mapping of Mars and the improvement of the methods and models.

Based on spatial features, the authors identified preliminarily impact craters and linear tectonics by using Chang’E-1 satellite CCD data. First, many targets were segmented by using the edge detection method and then merged in order to reduce excessive and wrong segmentations. Second, the merging result was manually updated by using ArcGIS software so as to obtain geologically significant information. Finally, different identification rules were proposed for identification of impact craters and linear tectonics based on image spatial features. As a result, satisfactory results were obtained.

 This paper systematically analyzed the spectral difference between the lunar primary minerals and the earth’s similar minerals. Based on spectral features of the rocks, minerals and elements, this paper also compared and analyzed the methods of the information extraction in geological remote sensing and the applicability of the model. Taking the typical crater Aristillus  and the typical mare Humorum as the study areas and using the Clementine UV/VIS data, the authors made some preliminary researches on the rock and mineral extraction of the lunar surface.

Vegetation height and vertical structural profile constitute the critical parameters for the  forest biomass and carbon cycle model, and the polarimetric SAR Interferometry (PolInSAR) technique makes quantitative vegetation structural parameter inversion possible. In this paper, a dual-baseline twice-fitting method was used to extract the vegetation height and then, as prior information, a vegetation vertical structural profile was further estimated by expanding the polynomial of the vertical structural function. Finally, the simulated data and real data were used to validate this dual-baseline technique. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the forest vertical structural profile inversion using interferometric coherence variation under different polarization conditions.

The signatures of different vegetation spectra are discussed on the basis of geochemical survey in Suzhou urban area. Three typical vegetations were used, namely amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus L), soybean (Glycine max) and cowbean (Vigna cylindrica L.). The results show that soil contamination mainly affects vegetation spectra through altering spectral reflectance in the visible (green) wave band and shifting the red edge to blue, and that amaranth seems to be a sensible vegetation in environment pollution monitoring.

 Data sources include mainly MSS，TM, ETM and CBERS，together with DEM，China’s geological map，terrain map and land use map. Through automatic information extraction，naked-eye and computer aided interpretation and field work，the authors compiled the land erosion map of four stages. Erosion change information was extracted by using the technique of GIS space analysis. The statistic results show that the area of land erosion in the Yellow River Drainage Area has reached 60% of the whole area. From 1975 to 2000, the aggravated area was larger than the alleviated area; from 2000 to 2007，the alleviated area was larger than the aggravated area.

This paper has used the differences of space-time Landsat TM images of NDVI standardized change intensity indexes to monitor land use changes. Eight clusters of disturbance patterns were identified in Jiansanjiang plain wetland after experimenting with a multi-scale remote sensing image segmentation method, which measured the proportion of disturbance (PD) and its adjacency (PDD) of the land cover and made a correlative analysis between them. The results show that the change of land use has exerted an obvious influence on the distribution of patterns of disturbance at the multi-scale, and the total disturbance rates of cropland, grassland and swamp are high and characterized by frequency variation. The proportion of the disturbance clusters C1 and C2 is distributed mainly in water, forest and marsh areas, and the value and the affected area are small. However, the rice land and crop land account respectively for about 74.38% and 61.76% of the proportion of the disturbance clusters C7, C8, and the value is high and the affected area is big, which indicates that cultivation is the main affecting factor that disturbs the wetland ecological system in this area. Disturbance adjacency at multi-scales has proved that human disturbance has  appeared to a certain extent: when PD<0.4 or PD>0.7 and PDD>PD, human disturbance has an effect on land cover. This study provides ecological indexes for the assessment of frangibility and restoration capability of the wetland ecological system in Jiansanjiang area.

 In this paper, a method for detecting the fast-growing plantation based on remote sensing is proposed, and the measuring of the distribution of the fast-growing plantation in large areas has been realized. This method is based on the cure trajectory extracted from the multi-year CBERS images. According to the characteristics of the electromagnetic spectra obtained during the period when the fast-growing plantation was cut down and the soil was turned up, the land used for fast-growing plantation can be extracted. The test in Leizhou City of Guangdong Province shows that the overall accuracy of the extracting method is 88%, which indicates that CBERS CCD images can be used to extract fast-growing plantation in large areas.

This paper analyses the area accuracy loss of all types of land use at different elevation levels in different spatial scales. With landscape pattern indices, it discusses the scale effect of data conversion under the influence of the elevation. The result shows that there are scale dependences between land use types and elevations. To a certain extent, the landscape indices calculated from the original vector data can indicate the change of the laws and the causes of the accuracy loss.

Researches were performed to reveal the overall development trend of south Qiangtang area by extracting multi-temporal TUPU using interpretation results of several remote sensing images from 1992 to 2005. The results of TUPU deriving reveal that there has been a sharp augment in lake area extension of the study area—Namco watershed of south Qiangtang—during the past 15 years. The typical lake was used to analyze some specific variation features, and the steadily increased area was extracted as well. Based on analyzing the variation information from multi-temporal TUPU together with the meteorological data, the authors used some factors to interpret the rapid extension of lakes in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, such as the average annual precipitation, which could affect the increase of lake areas indirectly by reacting on the movement of glaciers.

Urban land grading is very important in land management and pricing and is also time-consuming and expensive. In this paper, remote sensing observations were employed in the land grading system for updating land grading results timely and accurately. MODIS NDVI and LST images of Wuhan City were used as surface grading factors and applied to a quantitative evaluation of the living environment of Wuhan. Compared with traditional methods, the remote sensing analysis has the merit that the land grading results of Wuhan City can be conveniently updated with a shorter time, higher efficiency and more accurate results.

Exemplified by the National Stadium，this paper probes into the influence of the construction of key projects on the periphery areas and the technology of land-cover change based on the object-oriented method. Selecting two images of the National Stadium in 2001 (before the construction) and in 2005 (the intermediate stage of the construction) and using multi-scale segmentation and object-oriented classification method，the authors carried out the land use information extraction and a comparative analysis of the land use change information resulting form the National Stadium construction. The results show that: （1） the ideal land cover classification results were obtained by using the object-oriented method, with the overall accuracy being 93.23% and 94.55% and the coefficient of Kappa being 0.915 8 and 0.933 2, which make up the foundation for rapid and accurate acquisition of land cover change information; （2）the construction of the National Stadium had a significant influence on periphery areas, as shown by the obvious change of vegetation, roads and cultivated land. Grasses and roads increased obviously while the cultivated land was reduced remarkably.

The built-up area of Zhengzhou has been changed greatly during the past 28 years. Based on remote sensing and GIS technology, the authors used a time series of Landsat MSS and TM images to extract the change of the built-up area in Zhengzhou. The results show that the built-up area increased by 5.81 times from 1976 to 2004 and expanded by about 10.75 km2 each year. Large amounts of arable land, rural land and industrial and transportation land were converted into the urban built-up area, and some forest land, reservoir and wetland were also turn into the built-up area. The natural environment is the limiting factor for the urban expansion; the economic development and, especially, the increase of GDP and the growth of average salary make up the fundamenta1 driving forces; the policy and the urban planning are the guidance of extension of the urban built-up land. The influence of urban expansion from 1976 to 2004 on the peripheral land in different dynamic periods can be easily obtained from the monitoring result, which can help people understand the rule and characteristics of urban expansion and properly deal with the contradiction between land use and urban expansion.

 This study is focused on the extraction of information concerning regional wetland based on Remote Sensing Multi-spectral Thematic Mapper data in the study area of Maqu Country, Gansu Province. For this purpose, local Digital Elevation Model, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and the first principal component extracted from principal components analysis were taken as the main factors of classification. A decision tree model was built based on these factors through spatial, spectral and statistic analysis for extracting wetland information. A comparison between the output of this model and that of unsupervised classification or maximum likelihood classification indicates that the multi-feature decision tree classification can be applied to the extraction of wetland information and that this classification is quite suitable for the study area.

A new model called Active Directory Based Role Access Control（ADBRAC） is discussed in this paper. This model is based on the Active Directory(AD) technology of Windows 2003 server and traditional thinking of Role Based Access Control(RBAC). In the processing of authority management and the realizing of system security policies, the concepts of user group, view and action are imported through abstracting main body and object simultaneously. Through implementing fine-grained authority definition and functional authority management in the management information system, the complexity of the management is reduced and the traditional RBAC is extended effectively. This model has been applied to the results and projects information service system of resource and environmental remote sensing projects, and the result shows that the model is simple, practical, safe and stable. The model has fairly strong versatility and capacity for the performance of the real world.

 This paper has dealt with the evaluation indices and factors of urban gardening and greening, analyzed the requirements of the system, designed the function and structure of Kunming gardening and greening management information system based on GIS, explained the reasons for the appearance of polygon fragments in the urban gardening and greening data, proposed the solution of the polygon merger and achieved the automatic merger of polygon fragment. According to the classification criteria of urban greening and China's urban gardening and greening indices, the authors have realized the calculation of three indices of Kunming greening programming, urban gardening and greening classification and the data updating.