基于GIS和景观生态学的土地整理景观研究

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田劲松, 过家春, 刘琳, 江竹华. 基于GIS和景观生态学的土地整理景观研究[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2011,23(1): 110-114
TIAN Jin-song, GUO Jia-chun, LIU Lin, JIANG Zhu-hua. A Study of Landscape Pattern of Land Consolidation Based on GIS and Landscape Ecology[J]. REMOTE SENSING FOR LAND & RESOURCES,2011,23(1): 110-114 复制到剪切板

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《国土资源遥感》编辑部

基于GIS和景观生态学的土地整理景观研究

田劲松¹, 过家春¹, 刘琳¹, 江竹华²

1.安徽农业大学理学院,合肥 230036

2.安徽田园土地规划设计有限公司,合肥 230031

第一作者简介: 田劲松(1975-),男,讲师,硕士,主要从事土地整理、3S技术和景观生态学方面的研究。

收稿日期: 2010-06-15

基金: 安徽农业大学校长青年基金“优秀”项目(编号: 2010008); 安徽省高等学校省级自然科学研究项目(编号: KJ2010B339)

摘要

运用GIS技术和景观生态学理论方法,以安徽省淮南市潘集区市级投资重点土地整理项目为例,选取3类景观指标,对项目区内土地整理前后的土地利用现状和景观格局变化情况进行研究。结果表明: 景观类型中水田斑块占绝对优势,斑块分维数、形状指数呈下降趋势,表明斑块形状趋于规则和简单; 斑块数量和斑块密度降低,平均斑块面积和最大斑块面积增加,最大斑块指数增大,景观破碎度降低; 平均分维数和平均形状指数增大,表明景观形状较整理前变得规则,但总体形态变得复杂; 多样性指数和均匀度指数降低,表明在增加了景观分布均匀程度的同时降低了景观的多样性,景观类型有所减少。

关键词: 土地整理; GIS; 景观生态学; 景观格局

中图分类号:TP301.24 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-070X(2011)01-0110-05

A Study of Landscape Pattern of Land Consolidation Based on GIS and Landscape Ecology

TIAN Jin-song¹, GUO Jia-chun¹, LIU Lin¹, JIANG Zhu-hua²

1.Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China

2.Anhui Rural Land Planning and Design Company, Hefei 230031, China

Abstract

Using GIS technology as well as theory and methods of landscape ecology,the authors studied landscape pattern of land consolidation. Exemplified by the land consolidation key project for Huainan city,the authors selected three targets and probed into the land use situation and landscape pattern before and after land consolidation. The changes of land use structure and landscape patterns based on land consolidation were analyzed using Geographical Information System combined with the method of landscape ecology, and some results were obtained. First,paddy fields are predominant in the landscape pattern, and the patch fractal dimension and the shape parameters tend to decrease gradually, indicating that the pattern of patches has become regular and simple. Second,the number of landscape patches and patch densities are relatively low,the average patch area and the maximum patch area increase,and the maximum patch index rises steadily. All this shows that landscape diversity has been reduced simultaneously with the increase of the landscape distribution uniformity.

Keyword: Land consolidation; Geographical Information System; Landscape ecology; Landscape pattern

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0 引言

土地整理活动是一个重建生态环境系统的过程, 它将对区域环境要素及其生态过程产生影响。Mohen B K^[1]等提出了利用中性分类方法研究城市土地利用现状监测网络; Bonfanti P^[2]等从区域的角度探讨了土地整理对景观格局的影响, 提出了全面的、有价值的土地整理格局变化信息需要利用景观指数, 从区域等多种时空尺度上去研究。但我国关于土地整理项目的景观效益分析还缺乏系统研究^[3]。土地整理的生态环境影响因子可以归纳为土地整理项目工程的特性、土地整理后土地利用类型结构的变化以及景观格局的变化。其中, 土地整理项目工程会对土壤质量、水文环境、生物多样性、农田小气候等产生影响; 未利用土地的开发、交通用地的增加以及土地利用类型的单一化会对生态环境产生影响; 而土地景观格局的变化可能会影响动物生态行为, 同时会提高区域整体的环境美学价值^{[4, 5, 6, 7, 8]}。以前土地整理主要注重其经济效益, 但土地整理景观效应研究是土地整理理论和实践研究的重要组成部分。如何借鉴与综合景观生态学理论方法来科学、客观地进行土地整理景观生态分析, 以推动土地整理的健康有序发展, 是重要而又亟待解决的问题^[9]。

本文在整理和借鉴已有理论和方法的基础上, 运用GIS和景观生态学理论方法, 以安徽省淮南市潘集区高隍镇苏咀等9个村土地整理项目为例, 选取斑块水平(Patch-level Index)、斑块类型水平(Class-level Index)和景观水平(Landscape-level Index)3个层次中的主要指标, 对项目区内土地整理前后的土地利用现状和景观格局变化情况进行研究, 旨在为新时期土地整理工作的效益评价和规划设计提供依据。

1 研究区概况

潘集区位于淮南市淮河以北地段, 东部与南部都以淮河为界, 北及东北方向与怀远相邻, 以茨淮新河、黑河为界, 地处淮北平原的南端, 形如柳叶状, 东西长而南北狭窄。高皇镇位于潘集区东部, 南与田家庵中心城区隔淮河相望, 辖区面积7 000.00 hm², 耕地3 712.8 hm²。研究区位于淮南市潘集区高皇镇境内, 涉及苏咀村、老圩村、曹尹村、赵岗村、前圩村、朱岗村、后集村、巷东村及胜利村等9个行政村。土地总面积376.999 7 hm²。

2 研究方法

首先, 依据新版土地利用分类结构和土地利用现状, 将研究区内的景观格局分为7大类11小类。

然后, 借助土地整理前的1:1万土地利用现状图、1:1万地形图、1:2 000勘测定界图以及整理后的1:2 000土地整理成果图, 利用MapGIS 6.7、数字化成图软件(南方cass 7.0)以及Excel 2003软件进行图形属性(面积、周长、斑块数量等)分析和统计, 整理前后的土地利用类型面积统计结果如表1所示。

表1 土地整理实施前后的土地利用类型面积统计 Tab.1 Count the classification area before and after land consolidation

最后, 使用Excel 2003计算研究区内景观格局各项指标变化情况, 从斑块水平、斑块类型水平和景观水平3个层次上分别选取主要指标参数进行计算, 并分析景观格局变化效应。

3 景观指标的选取^{[10, 11]}

景观指标是指能够高度浓缩景观格局信息, 并反映其结构组成和空间配置等方面特征的定量指标。景观格局特征可以从单个斑块指标、斑块类型指标以及景观镶嵌体^[12]3个层次上分析。本文景观格局指标选取了单个斑块水平指标(主要有斑块形状指数和斑块分维数)、斑块类型水平指标(主要选取斑块总面积、景观百分比、最大斑块指数、平均斑块面积)和景观水平指标(平均形状指数、平均分维指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数)。

3.1 斑块水平指标

斑块水平指标是描述研究区分布的每一个斑块的几何特征指数, 可以定量反映每个斑块在景观中的生态学意义和属性特征。一般情况下, 人类干扰强度大, 斑块形状就趋于简单, 具有较低的分维值, 但自然形成的斑块边缘趋于复杂化, 分维值较高。

(1) 形状指数(A)。其公式为

A=0.25p_ij/ $\begin{matrix} \sqrt[]{a_{ij}} \end{matrix}$ (1)

式中, p_ij为斑块周长(m); a_ij为斑块面积(m²)。

(2) 斑块分维数(B)。其公式为

B=2ln(0.25p_ij)/ln a_ij(2)

3.2 斑块类型水平指标

斑块类型水平指标是描述研究区每一种类型的景观指数^[13], 它综合了某一既定类型景观类型上所有的斑块信息, 表征景观空间构型的破碎度^[14]。主要指标有斑块总面积、景观百分比、最大斑块指数及平均斑块面积等, 是用来表征景观空间构型的主要因素。

(1) 斑块总面积(C)。其公式为

C= $\begin{matrix} \overset{n}{\sum_{i, j = 1}} \end{matrix}$ a_ij( $\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{10 000} \end{matrix}$ )(3)

式中, a_ij为相应斑块面积。

(2) 景观百分比(D)。其公式为

D=( $\begin{matrix} \overset{n}{\sum_{i, j = 1}} \end{matrix}$ a_ij/10 000Z)× 100(4)

式中, Z为景观总面积。

(3) 最大斑块指数(G)。该指数描述了整个景观被最大斑块占据的程度, 是优势度的一个简单测度, 其公式为

G=(max a_ij/10 000Z)× 100(5)

(4) 平均斑块面积(H)。该数据是景观类型和面积的综合测度, 其公式为

H=C/n (6)

式中, H的单位是hm²; n是斑块数目。

3.3 景观水平指标

景观水平指标是把研究区作为一个整体来描述景观格局分布的特征指数, 它综合了所有景观类型的信息或是建立在所有信息上的指标^{[15, 16]}。这些指标对整个区域的生态过程及其相互之间的作用提供了必要条件, 它是表征景观多样性、均匀度和优势度的关键指标。

(1) 平均形状指数(M)。该指数是景观形状的测度, 其公式为

M= $\begin{matrix} \overset{m}{\sum_{i = 1}} \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \overset{n}{\sum_{j = 1}} \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \frac{0.25 p_{ij}}{\sqrt[]{a_{ij}}} \end{matrix}$ /Y(7)

式中, a_ij为相应斑块面积(m²); Y为景观中斑块数目。

(2) 平均分维指数(N)。该指数表示景观总体的形状特征, 其公式为

N= $\begin{matrix} \overset{m}{\sum_{i = 1}} \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \overset{n}{\sum_{j = 1}} \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \frac{2 \ln (0.25 p_{ij})}{\ln a_{ij}} \end{matrix}$ /Y (8)

式中, p_ij为斑块周长(m)。

(3) Simpson多样性指数(O)。该指数表示随机选取的景观类型是不同类型的可能性, 其公式为

O=1- $\begin{matrix} \overset{m}{\sum_{i = 1}} \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} D_{i}^{2} \end{matrix}$ (9)

式中, D_i表示景观类型i的景观百分比。

(4) Simpson均匀度指数(P)。Simpson均匀度指数是景观均匀度的测度, 均匀度是指不同景观类型面积分布的均匀程度, 其公式为

P=(1- $\begin{matrix} \overset{m}{\sum_{i = 1}} \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} D_{i}^{2} \end{matrix}$ )/[1-( $\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{m} \end{matrix}$ )](10)

式中, D_i表示景观类型i的景观百分比; m表示与景观类型i相邻的景观类型j的类型数目。

(5) 优势度指数(Q)。优势度指数表征某一景观类型在整个景观中的优势程度, 其公式为

Q=2- $\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{m} \end{matrix}$ - $\begin{matrix} \overset{m}{\sum_{i = 1}} \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} D_{i}^{2} \end{matrix}$ (11)

式中, D_i表示景观类型i的景观百分比; m表示与景观类型i相邻的景观类型j的类型数目。

4 结果与分析

4.1 土地整理对斑块格局特征的影响

土地整理前后对斑块格局特征的影响通过斑块水平指标来反映^[17]。一般情况下, 人类干扰强度大, 斑块形状就趋于简单, 具有较低的分维值, 但自然形成的斑块边缘趋于复杂化, 分维值较高, 计算结果如表2所示。

表2 土地整理前后景观类型的斑块特征比较 Tab.2 The patch characteristics of landscape before and after land consolidation

从表2分析得知, 土地整理后, 研究区旱地全部转变为水田, 耕地数量和斑块总面积最大, 在景观中占有绝对优势。从斑块分维数可以看出, 各种景观斑块的分维值大部分呈下降趋势, 表明斑块形状趋于规则简单。另外, 水田斑块的分维数最大, 表明此斑块的周长最长以及整体形状最复杂。斑块形状指数基本呈下降趋势, 表明景观中斑块形状趋于规则, 水田斑块的形状指数最大, 表明其形状最复杂。整理后旱地全部转变为水田, 分维数和形状指数均为0, 水田斑块的分维数由1.462 1下降为1.370 8, 形状指数由31.323 4降为15.865 2, 农村宅基地斑块的形状指数由25.890 5下降为10.224 1, 分维数由1.461 4下降为1.421 9, 表明土地整理对水田和旱地的影响较大, 其边缘比较规则, 有利于机械化作业和田间管理。规划后水田斑块形状较整理前规则, 水田、旱地和农村宅基地斑块受人为因素干扰较大。整理前后果园斑块面积保持不变, 但形状指数和分维数均降低较大, 表明只是对其形状进行了整理, 受人为因素干扰斑块形状比较规则, 边缘变得简单。

4.2 土地整理对斑块类型水平指标的影响

利用MapGIS 6.7进行面积、周长及斑块数量的分析和统计。利用Excel 2003软件计算斑块总面积、景观百分比、最大斑块指数、平均斑块面积等4项指标值。属性信息统计结果如表3所示, 斑块类型水平指标计算结果如表4所示。

表3 整理前后斑块属性统计 Tab.3 Count the patch-attribute before and after land consolidation

表4 斑块类型水平指标 Tab.4 The patch class-level index

从表3、表4可以看出, 土地整理后, 斑块数量减少了2 973个, 降低了62.49%。平均斑块面积增加了5.275 6 hm², 与整理前比较, 斑块变得均匀。从斑块总面积、景观百分比、最大斑块指数可以看出, 整理后水田斑块数量下降, 面积增大, 形状规则, 斑块聚集度增加, 斑块破碎度明显下降; 整理后原来的果园、沟渠等斑块总面积、景观百分比、最大斑块指数变化不大, 说明只做过边界调整, 破碎度没有明显变化; 对一些小水塘和部分农村宅基地斑块整理成水田, 但水塘斑块面积增大, 而数量明显减少, 破碎度降低; 从景观整体来看, 景观整体优势度增加, 破碎度降低。

4.3 土地整理对景观水平指标的影响

计算出斑块形状指数、斑块分维数、斑块数目的和, 以及景观百分比平方和、研究区景观类型数目, 其结果如表5所示。

表5 斑块水平和斑块类型水平数据统计 Tab.5 Count patch-level index and class-level index

根据景观生态学原理^[18], 景观水平指标主要包括景观平均形状指数、平均分维指数、Simpson多样性指数、Simpson均匀度指数和优势度指数, 结合Excel 2003, 计算结果如表6所示。

表6 景观整体空间水平指标 Tab.6 Overall spatial landscape-level index

从表6分析, 平均形状指数有所增加, 说明景观形状接近于规则; 平均分维指数增大, 说明景观总体的形态变得比整理前复杂; 多样性指数和均匀度指数的大小取决于斑块类型的多少和各斑块类型在面积分布上的均匀度, 两者值越大, 说明景观结果组成的复杂性越大、景观分布越不均匀。整理后Simpson多样性指数降低, 说明景观整体类型数目减少, 景观异质性较高, 但各景观类型所占比例差别较大; Simpson均匀度指数降低, 说明景观分布均匀程度有所增大, 但仍有景观类型面积分布不均匀、少数景观类型控制整个景观的现象; 从优势度指数也可以分析出, 整理前后优势度指数值均大于1, 表示景观只受一个或几个斑块类型支配, 这与通过均匀度指数分析出来的结果一致。

5 结论

(1)基于GIS和景观生态学丰富了土地整理景观研究的理论和方法, 为土地整理规划与可行性研究中景观效益评价提供了参考。

(2)此次土地整理增加了水田斑块面积, 完善了农田水利, 提高了灌溉、排涝标准, 增强了抵御旱涝灾害的能力, 提高了耕地质量, 增加了耕地产出率。

(3)通过田块重划、土地平整和完善田间道路工程等工作, 方便了田间作业, 改善了农业生产条件, 为区内农业机械化生产和规模化经营创造了条件。

(4)通过土地整理, 斑块形状趋于规则, 景观整体空间水平提高; 各种景观斑块的分维值大部分呈下降趋势, 多样性指数、均匀度指数降低, 说明土地整理后景观破碎度和景观多样性有所降低。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[9]	王军, 邱扬, 杨磊, 等. 基于GIS的土地整理景观效应分析[J]. 地理研究, 2007, 26(2): 258-264. [本文引用:1]
[10]	傅伯杰, 陈利顶, 马克明, 等. 景观生态学原理及应用[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2001: 74-207. [本文引用:1]
[11]	吴克宁, 郑信伟, 吕巧灵, 等. 景观生态学理论在土地整理中的应用[J]. 农业资源与环境, 2006, 22(12): 300-302. [本文引用:1]
[12]	杨晓艳, 朱德举, 郧文聚, 等. 土地开发整理对景观格局的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(9): 67-71. [本文引用:1]
[13]	张正峰, 赵伟. 土地整理的生态环境效应分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(8): 281-285. [本文引用:1]
[14]	岳德鹏, 王计平, 刘永兵, 等. 京郊西北地区农地利用与景观格局时空特征[J]. 农业工程学报, 2008, 24(6): 89-95. [本文引用:1]
[15]	杨庆媛. 西南丘陵地区土地整理与区域生态安全研究[J]. 地理研究, 2003, 22(6): 698-708. [本文引用:1]
[16]	李阳兵, 王世杰, 容丽. 不同石漠化程度溶峰从洼地系统景观格局的比较[J]. 地理研究, 2005, 24(3): 371-378. [本文引用:1]
[17]	张慧, 张迎军, 王瑞霞, 等. 土地整理对区域景观变化影响研究[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2007, 35(22): 6879-6882. [本文引用:1]
[18]	李团胜, 石玉琼. 景观生态学[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2009: 10-120. [本文引用:1]

2002

0.0

... Mohen B K^[1]等提出了利用中性分类方法研究城市土地利用现状监测网络 ...

1997

2.606

0.0

... Bonfanti P^[2]等从区域的角度探讨了土地整理对景观格局的影响,提出了全面的、有价值的土地整理格局变化信息需要利用景观指数,从区域等多种时空尺度上去研究 ...

2003

0.0

2.121

... 但我国关于土地整理项目的景观效益分析还缺乏系统研究^[3] ...

2009

0.0

信桂新, 杨庆媛, 杨华均, 等. 土地整理项目实施后影响评价[J]. 农业工程学报, 2009, 25(11): 312-317.

The post-project evaluation is regarded as an essential contributor to sustainable development of land consolidation. Based on the analysis of economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefit, social impact of land consolidation projects was received much attention. Taking nineteen land consolidation projects implemented as cases, this paper analyzed the social impact of land consolidation post-project by the analytic hierarchy process, entropy method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation based on field investigation and data processing. The results showed that the social impact in Chongqing was positive after implementation of land consolidation project, but it was not obvious. As a result, it is urgent and essential to adjust and optimize the policy arrangement of land consolidation at present.

土地整理项目后评价是土地整理事业可持续发展的重要条件，在经济、社会、生态等效益分析的基础上，土地整理项目的社会影响日益受到关注。选取重庆市19个已实施的土地整理项目组成评判对象集合，在跟踪调查和资料梳理的基础上，将AHP、熵权法与模糊综合评判方法相结合对项目实施后的社会影响进行了分析。结果表明，重庆市土地整理项目的实施取得了一定社会效果，但并不显著。分析认为，调整完善目前土地整理的政策安排必要而迫切。

... 而土地景观格局的变化可能会影响动物生态行为,同时会提高区域整体的环境美学价值^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

2003

0.0

杨庆媛. 西南丘陵山地区土地整理与区域生态安全研究[J]. 地理研究, 2003, 22(6): 698-708.

This essay is intended to discuss the relationship of land consolidation and eco security in hilly and mountainous regions of Southwest China based on the development trends of land consolidation at home and abroad and from the angle of target regional division of labour of land consolidation. It points out, as a typical eco friable region, to ensure the eco security is the first important target of land consolidation in the hilly and mountainous regions of Southwest China. The regional eco location is especially important because it is located in the upper reaches or headwaters of great rivers such as Changjiang, Zhujiang, Lancang rivers, etc. and it is one of the typical regions with plentiful biodiversities. Investigation and analysis indicate that not only the natural ecosystem is vulnerable in the hilly and mountainous regions of Southwest China, but also it's the role of eco protective screen is weakening.For example, the reality rate of forest coverage is far more low the theory lowest vegetation cover rate in Southwest China except Yunnan province. Thus, the regional eco security, especially the land resource security is facing numerous threats. As a natural water collecting unit and an integral land ecosystem, it is regarded the small watershed land consolidation is the representative pattern of land consolidation to ensure the safety of the regional land resources and regional eco security and realize regional sustainable development of the hilly and mountainous regions in Southwest China.The model's core concept is to allot different land consolidation countermeasures suitable for the features and ideal function of different landform positions of small watershed in order to realize different targets of land consolidation. That is to say, to arrange the macro countermeasures of land consolidation according to the special characteristics of the land ecosystem of small watershed, such as to adjust the land use structure, and allocate micro countermeasures of different standard according to the features of different landform positions, such as to close hillside to facilitate afforestation in the watershed regions, to return farmland to forest and grassland on steep slopes exceeding 25 degrees,to build terraced fields in areas where the slope ranges from 8～25 degrees, and to develop flood land.

开展土地整理是实现土地可持续利用的重要途径,不同区域土地整理的目标、任务侧重点各不相同。对于生态脆弱、生态区位非常重要的西南地区而言,其丘陵山地区土地整理的目标必须与区域生态安全的目标相一致。本文从国际国内土地整理的发展趋势以及土地整理目标区域分工的角度,论述西南丘陵山地区土地整理与区域生态安全之间的关系,提出西南丘陵山地区土地整理的首要目标是确保区域生态安全,小流域土地整理是实现该区域生态安全的典型模式。

... 而土地景观格局的变化可能会影响动物生态行为,同时会提高区域整体的环境美学价值^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

2008

0.0

张雯雯, 李新举, 陈丽丽, 等. 泰安市土地整理项目区土壤质量评价[J]. 农业工程学报, 2008, 24(7): 106-109.

Soil quality is currently on the issues and is the key of land consolidation. This paper studies on soil quality of plain land consolidation projects in Tai'an and quantitatively evaluates soil quality. Sampling plots of K1, K2 and K3 were determined by GPS which are the blocks after finishing land consolidation for one year, two years and four years. Through chemical analysis in laboratory, the attribute data of sampling plots were accessed. In accordance with the characteristics of the studied area, available nutrients, organic matter, pH, conductivity and soil bulk density were taken as the basic evaluation factors. Under the Arcgis we use Kriging interpolation method to form a composite indicators distribution map and a soil quality grade map. The results show that: distribution of nutrients in the block after accomplishment of land consolidation for four years is the most uneven. Soil quality has been obviously improved than that of the blocks after finishing land consolidation for one year and two years and I, II, III grade is 56.77% of the entire block area.

土壤质量是当前研究的热点问题，是关系土地整理成败的关键。该文以泰安市平原土地整理项目区土壤质量为研究对象，对土壤质量进行了定量化评价。在利用GPS进行野外采样的基础上，确定了以整理后1a、2a和4a地块为采样点。通过室内化学分析，得到了各采样点的属性数据。在具体的土壤质量评价时，根据研究区特点，选用速效养分、有机质、pH值、容重和电导率作为基本的评价因子，并在ArcGIS下对采样点属性进行kriging插值形成综合指标值分布图和土壤质量等级分布图。结果表明：整理后4a的地块养分分布最不均一，土壤质量较整理后1a和2a的地块有了明显的提高，其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ等级占了整个地块面积的56.77%。

... 而土地景观格局的变化可能会影响动物生态行为,同时会提高区域整体的环境美学价值^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

2005

0.0

王炜, 杨晓东, 曾辉, 等. 土地整理综合效益评价指标与方法[J]. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(10): 70-73.

Land consolidation comprehensive benefit evaluation consists of economic benefits, social benefits and ecological benefits. An example of land consolidation comprehensive benefit evaluation at Xinchang Town in Jiansu Province was given. According to the results of expert consultation and questionnaire, land consolidation comprehensive benefit evaluation indexes were set up, index evaluation system was established to quantify the evaluation index. Then the method of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to obtain the weight of evaluating index so as to calculate comprehensive benefits. The result shows that the land consolidation comprehensive benefits were improved as compared with those before land consolidation. And the effect is better. The problem from comparing the index before and after land consolidation was found in order to improve the land consolidation development of economic, social and ecological benefits harmoniously.

土地整理综合效益评价包括经济效益、社会效益和生态效益三方面，根据多次专家咨询和问卷调查结果，逐次求取影响土地整理综合效益评价的指标，用层次分析法(AHP)确定各评价指标权重，量化各评价指标，求出综合效益评价值，并以江苏省溧阳市新昌镇土地整理综合效益评价为例。新昌镇土地整理综合效益评价结果表明：该镇土地整理综合效益评价效果较好，但社会效益和部分生态效益指标增加不明显，在土地整理实践中应重视促进土地整理的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益协调发展。

... 而土地景观格局的变化可能会影响动物生态行为,同时会提高区域整体的环境美学价值^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

2007

0.0

李养兵. 土地整理中的GIS技术应用. 滁州学院学报[J]. 2007, 9(3): 77-79.

目前,土地整理中已经广泛应用了地理信息系统技术.通过文献资料和实际工作的总结,揭示了地理信息系统技术在土地整理中的应用途径和现状.主要有以下结论:1. GIS在成果图制图方面应用最成熟最广泛,是目前土地整理的主要应用方面;2.GIS已经在土地整理规划设计、辅助决策方面发挥了重要作用,使规划成果更科学更合理;3.GIS可以为土地平整工程量、地类面积统计提供快捷有效的手段;4.土地整理信息系统是未来土地整理的发展趋势.

... 而土地景观格局的变化可能会影响动物生态行为,同时会提高区域整体的环境美学价值^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

2007

0.0

王军, 邱扬, 杨磊, 等. 基于GIS的土地整理景观效应分析[J]. 地理研究, 2007, 26(2): 258-264.

... 如何借鉴与综合景观生态学理论方法来科学、客观地进行土地整理景观生态分析,以推动土地整理的健康有序发展,是重要而又亟待解决的问题^[9] ...

2001

0.0

... 3 景观指标的选取^[10,11]景观指标是指能够高度浓缩景观格局信息,并反映其结构组成和空间配置等方面特征的定量指标 ...

2006

0.0

吴克宁, 郑信伟, 吕巧灵, 等. 景观生态学理论在土地整理中的应用[J]. 农业资源与环境, 2006, 22(12): 300-302.

As a method of realization the reasonable disposition of land resource, the land consolidation can enhance the land utilization efficiency, realize farming total quantity dynamical equilibrium, improve ecological environment and farmer's living conditions, construct the socialism new village. At present the land arrangements also has some questions in the theoretically backwardness and the practice in the neglect ecology. The landscape ecology theory was introduced to the land arrangement theory and the landscape ecology plan design was introduced to the land arrangements practice to make some explorations. The result is feasible.

土地整理作为实现土地资源的合理配置，提高土地利用效率，实现耕地总量动态平衡，改善生态环境，改善农民的生活环境，建设社会主义新农村，显得极其重要。目前土地整理还存在着理论上的落后和实践上忽视生态方面上的问题，笔者针对这些问题在土地整理观念中引入景观生态理论和在土地整理实践中引入景观生态规划设计做出了一些探索，结果是可行的。

... 3 景观指标的选取^[10,11]景观指标是指能够高度浓缩景观格局信息,并反映其结构组成和空间配置等方面特征的定量指标 ...

2005

0.0

杨晓艳, 朱德举, 郧文聚, 等. 土地开发整理对景观格局的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(9): 67-71.

Forecasting the landscape spatial pattern influence quantitively caused by land development and consolidation planning is an important part of environment impact assessment before the planning is brought into effect. Area-weighted mean shape index, mean euclidean nearest neighbor distance, etc. were identified to analyze quantitatively the landscape spatial pattern and influence on class-level. The landscape spatial pattern and influence on landscape-level were expressed by dominance index, contagion index, cohesion index, etc. Applying those landscape ecology indexes landscape spatial pattern influence caused by the land development and consolidation planning of Yanqing county, Beijing city was studied by comparing landscape characteristics between those before and after planning implementation. The results showed that each index had changed dramatically.

在土地开发整理规划实施前，定量预测规划实施后区域景观格局的变化是土地开发整理规划环境影响评价的主要内容。该文结合景观格局研究的内容和规划对景观格局的影响，在斑块类型水平上选取各景观类型面积、景观百分比、斑块数等8个指标；在景观水平上选取景观优势度、蔓延度指数、聚集度指数等指标。以北京市延庆县为例，应用上述指标，采用规划实施前后对比法分析了土地开发整理规划对景观格局的影响。结果表明规划实施后各指标都有一定的变化。

... 景观格局特征可以从单个斑块指标、斑块类型指标以及景观镶嵌体^[12]3个层次上分析 ...

2007

0.0

张正峰, 赵伟. 土地整理的生态环境效应分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(8): 281-285.

Land consolidation is a process of reconstruction of ecological environment system and it has effects on regional environment factors and ecological process. In this paper, three factors affecting regional ecological environment were presented in the process of land consolidation, including land consolidation engineering characteristics, land use type changes and landscape pattern changes after land consolidation. Furthermore, the effects of these factors on regional ecological environment were analyzed, respectively. First, land consolidation can reduce soil quality and cause soil surface erosion and wind erosion. Meanwhile, the large hydraulic project and the irrigation and drainage project in farmland have effects on hydrographic environment and soil environment, respectively. Second, developing unarable land and increasing traffic land have effects on ecological environment, and the simplification of land use type decreases soil stability. In addition, the change of corridor pattern has effects on ecological behaviors of animals in farmland, and the changes of landscape can increase the aesthetic value of environment.

土地整理活动是一个重建生态环境系统的过程，在此过程中将会对区域环境要素及其生态过程产生影响。该文将土地整理的生态环境影响因子归纳为土地整理项目工程的特性、土地整理后土地利用类型结构的变化以及土地整理后土地景观格局的变化。其中土地整理项目工程会对土壤质量、水文环境、生物多样性、农田小气候等产生影响；未利用土地的开发、交通用地的增加以及土地利用类型的单一化会对生态环境产生影响；而土地景观格局的变化可能会影响动物生态行为，同时会提高区域整体的环境美学价值。

... 2 斑块类型水平指标斑块类型水平指标是描述研究区每一种类型的景观指数^[13],它综合了某一既定类型景观类型上所有的斑块信息,表征景观空间构型的破碎度^[14] ...

2008

0.0

岳德鹏, 王计平, 刘永兵, 等. 京郊西北地区农地利用与景观格局时空特征[J]. 农业工程学报, 2008, 24(6): 89-95.

With the help of remote sensing(RS) from three period(1989, 1996 and 2005) Landsat TM images and geographical information system(GIS) technologies, the spatial and temporal change model of land-use, dynamic land use model, gravity-center model and landscape ecological method were used to analyze the landscape pattern and agricultural land use changes in northwest of Beijing. The results indicate that all types of agricultural land convert frequently and the tendency that farmland converts to urban and built-up land is the most obvious characteristic. The areas of forestland land increased slowly, and there is a significant shifting from sandy badlands to forestland. The newly-increased rates of all types of agricultural land is much less than the converted rates of them in the same period, but it is opposite for urban and built-up. Land-use comprehensive dynamic change rate from 1996 to 2005 is obviously smaller than that from 1989 to 1996, and changes mainly concentrate in rural-urban fringe. Owing to the urban land expansion, the transfer direction of gravity center of agricultural land use is southwest. The degree of fragmentation of agricultural landscape increases, the patch shape is dispersed and simplified, and the indices of landscape diversity and landscape evenness have the tendency of increase while the dominance decreased slightly. It can be concluded that rapid urbanization by occupying farmland becomes the direct factor affecting landscape pattern change in northwest of Beijing in China. The region in northwest Beijing has resulted in sharp decreases in mean patch size of forestland and farmland, agriculture land use type and landscape connectivity.

运用遥感与地理信息系统技术，对三年Landsat TM多光谱遥感图像（1989年、1996年、2005年）进行解译判读，获取京郊西北地区各土地利用类型数据。运用土地利用程度时空演变模型、土地利用动态度模型、土地利用重心模型和景观生态学方法，对研究区1989～2005年间农用地利用及景观格局变化进行了分析。结果表明：农用地频繁流转，以耕地流失最为显著，去向主要为城市及建设用地，林地面积增加缓慢，沙荒地向林地转移明显；农用地各类型的新增速率远小于同期的转移速率，而城市及建设用地则相反；1989～1996年间研究区的综合土地利用动态变化率较1996～2005年间的大，变化集中表现在西北城郊过渡区域，城镇用地扩张导致耕地的利用重心不断向西偏南方向转移；研究区农用地景观破碎化程度在增加，各景观类型的平均斑块形状趋于分散和简单，景观多样性、景观均匀度呈现增加趋势，而景观优势度在逐渐减小。以利用农业用地为鲜明特征的城市化过程是影响北京西北地区景观格局演变的直接因素，城市及建设用地的不断扩张使得林地、耕地斑块的平均面积逐渐变小，景观格局连通性降低。

2003

0.0

杨庆媛. 西南丘陵地区土地整理与区域生态安全研究[J]. 地理研究, 2003, 22(6): 698-708.

1. School of Resources and Environment Science, Southwest China Normal University, Chongqing 400715, China; 2. Department of Land Management, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China

... 3 景观水平指标景观水平指标是把研究区作为一个整体来描述景观格局分布的特征指数,它综合了所有景观类型的信息或是建立在所有信息上的指标^[15,16] ...

2005

0.0

李阳兵, 王世杰, 容丽. 不同石漠化程度溶峰从洼地系统景观格局的比较[J]. 地理研究, 2005, 24(3): 371-378.

Karst rocky desertification is a kind of land degradation which has happened in fragile karst mountain ecosystem in Southwest China. The unsuited matching at vertical direction and unreasonable special distribution at horizontal direction of landscape use make the landscape degradation a major problem in karst mountain areas. But little is being understood about the interrelation between the spatial distribution of rocky desertified land and the rocky desertification processes. This paper analyzes the ecological conditions of 5 special peak cluster-depressions which are at different desertification degrees on the southern slope of Huajiang karst gorge based on field investigation, the change of landscape pattern indexes and their ecological significance, in order to understand the ecological spatial character and evolving procedure of karst mountains from landscape ecological viewpoint. Results indicate that the diversity index, dominance index and evenness index relate closely to the landscape matrix of peak cluster-depressions, and show different ecological significance in different rocky desertified peak cluster-depressions. With the increase of rocky desertification intensity, the diversity index is in a decreasing trend while dominance index in an increasing trend significantly, the evenness index decreases firstly and then increases when rocky desertification develops further, the isolation and patch area of naked rock increase gradually but isolation of grasslands, shrub and woodlands increases while their patches area in a reduction. The landscape of potential rocky desertified peak cluster-depressions is even more seriously fragmentized than light and moderate rocky desertified peak cluster-depressions, and fragmentation is most in all peak cluster-depressions. The landscape patterns and development modes of potential rocky desertified and strong rocky desertified peak cluster-depressions represent two typical types of rocky desertification in southwest karst mountain areas. This paper shows that the processes of karst ecosystem rocky desertification depends on the distribution, fragmentation and conjunction, not merely the absolute quantity scale of naked rocks and vegetation. The analysis of landscape pattern emphasizes not only area, but also the relations and influence among rocky desertification processes, the spacial pattern of rocky desertification and landscape element character, therefore, landscape should not be neglected in the studies of rocky desertification degree and indexes, landscape patterns, landscape diversity and patches closely correlating with rocky desertification process must be taken into account in the assessment of the karst rock desertification degrees.

1. National Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guiyang 550002, China; 2. Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China

利用花江岩溶峡谷区南坡不同石漠化程度的5个独立的岩溶峰丛洼地系统景观要素的实测数据,分析了多样性、优势度、破碎度、分离度等景观格局指标的变化规律及其所指示的生态学意义。结果表明,这些指标在不同峰丛洼地系统都能较好地评价石漠化过程中景观格局的动态变化规律,对分析石漠化土地的发展趋势具有较好的指示意义。但多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数也与各峰丛洼地系统的景观基质有关,在不同石漠化程度的峰丛洼地系统中,反映的景观生态意义是不一样的。景观格局分析不仅强调面积,而且还考虑所研究石漠化土地的空间分布特征(格局)、景观组成特点与石漠化过程的关系和对石漠化的影响,在石漠化程度判定和石漠化指标的研究中景观格局是一个不可忽视的问题。

2007

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张慧, 张迎军, 王瑞霞, 等. 土地整理对区域景观变化影响研究[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2007, 35(22): 6879-6882.

运用景观生态学理论方法,以江苏省仪征市某土地整理项目为例,选取斑块伸长指数、分维数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数、破碎度指数、廊道密度等景观指标,对项目区整理前后景观格局特征进行分析.结果表明:整理后水田面积增大,斑块形状规则,有利于机械化作业和田间管理,但同时景观多样性略有降低.因此在土地整理过程中应采取多种手段,以减少土地整理对农村生态环境和农田景观的不利影响.

... 1 土地整理对斑块格局特征的影响土地整理前后对斑块格局特征的影响通过斑块水平指标来反映^[17] ...

2009

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... 根据景观生态学原理^[18],景观水平指标主要包括景观平均形状指数、平均分维指数、Simpson多样性指数、Simpson均匀度指数和优势度指数,结合Excel 2003,计算结果如表6所示 ...