湿地景观格局与生态安全遥感监测分析—

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杜培军, 陈宇, 谭琨. 湿地景观格局与生态安全遥感监测分析——以江苏滨海湿地为例[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2014,26(1): 158-166
DU Peijun, CHEN Yu, TAN Kun. Monitoring and analyzing wetland landscape pattern change and ecological security using remote sensing images: A case study of Jiangsu coastal wetland[J]. REMOTE SENSING FOR LAND & RESOURCES,2014,26(1): 158-166 复制到剪切板

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湿地景观格局与生态安全遥感监测分析——以江苏滨海湿地为例

杜培军^1,², 陈宇³, 谭琨²

1.南京大学地理信息技术重点实验室,南京 210046

2.中国矿业大学资源环境信息工程江苏省重点实验室,徐州 221116

3.法国国家科学研究院,图卢兹 31000

第一作者简介: 杜培军(1975-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事遥感图像处理与模式识别、资源环境遥感与信息系统方面的研究。Email:dupjrs@126.com, dupjrs@gmail.com。

收稿日期: 2013-02-22

基金: 江苏省自然科学基金项目(编号: BK2010182)和地理空间信息工程国家测绘地理信息局重点实验室开放基金项目(编号: 201109)共同资助

摘要

基于景观生态学原理及遥感、地理信息系统技术,分析了1992—2009年江苏滨海湿地景观格局动态变化。结合“压力-状态-响应”模型、层次分析法及Delphi法,评价了湿地生态安全及其变化趋势。结果表明,1992—2009年间,研究区自然景观总面积显著减少,人工景观面积持续增加,大量湿地自然景观转为人工景观; 景观破碎化程度逐渐加强,景观平均分维数呈递减趋势,受人类干扰程度不断加剧; Shannon多样性指数逐步增加,表明随着自然景观向人工景观转移,湿地景观类型丰富度在增加。湿地生态系统在3个时相均处于临界安全状态,病态和不安全等级的总比例逐年增加。

关键词: 湿地; 景观格局; 生态安全; 压力-状态-响应模型; 遥感

中图分类号:TP79 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-070X(2014)01-0158-09 doi: 10.6046/gtzyyg.2014.01.27

Monitoring and analyzing wetland landscape pattern change and ecological security using remote sensing images: A case study of Jiangsu coastal wetland

DU Peijun^1,², CHEN Yu³, TAN Kun²

1. Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China

2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Resources and Environment Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China

3. National Center for Scientific Research, Toulouse 31000, France

Abstract

Based on landscape ecology, remote sensing and geographical information system, the authors analyzed the dynamic change of landscape pattern of Jiangsu costal wetland from 1992 to 2009. Combining the remote sensing derived information with Pressure-State-Response model, the authors also assessed AHP and Delphi methods, regional ecological security states and change trends. The experimental results show that the size of natural landscape has been reduced, while the manmade landscape tends to increase, accompanied by a transfer from wetland natural landscape to human landscape. The fragmentation degree has been intensified gradually, and the average fractal dimension tends to decrease, as a result of human intervention. The increased Shannon diversity metrics indicates more richness of wetland landscape types, which has resulted from the transfer of natural landscape to manmade landscape. The results also indicate that the wetland ecological system has been in critical security state, and the percentage of ill and insecure areas has been on the increase, so more attention should be paid to the landscape pattern improvement and ecological building.

Keyword: wetland; landscape pattern; ecological security; Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model; remote sensing

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0 引言

景观格局是指大小不同、形状各异的景观斑块在空间上的分布与配置。景观格局及其变化和发展是自然、生物及社会的各种生态过程相互作用的结果^[1]。动态监测景观格局变化的目的是为了探究景观演替的规律和机制, 以预测未来变化趋势, 最终使景观资源得到可持续利用^{[2, 3]}。生态安全反映生态系统完整性和健康的整体水平, 指一个国家或社会生存发展所需的生态环境处于不受或少受威胁与破坏的状态, 是实现区域可持续发展的基础^{[4, 5]}。

湿地是地球上最重要的生存环境和生态系统之一, 具有物种基因保护、稳定环境及资源利用等功能, 复杂性、多样性及极富活力是湿地生态系统的显著特点^[7]。然而, 湿地生态系统又极为脆弱, 随着人类活动的日渐增强, 湿地面积不断减少, 景观破碎化程度日益加深, 生物多样性锐减, 导致湿地生态安全受到严重威胁^{[8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]}。进行湿地景观格局调查及生态安全评价有助于揭示自然与人类活动影响生态安全的性质与过程, 为保障湿地生态功能提供决策支持^[14]。

目前, 国内外对湿地景观格局的研究方法主要有景观格局指数法、转移矩阵法、空间统计学方法等^{[15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}。国内外学者对湿地生态安全评价的研究过程大体一致, 即数据源采集、评价体系建立及评价分析, 常见的评价方法有层次分析法、专家咨询法、趋势分析法、能值分析法及模糊综合评判法等, 还有学者将“ 压力-状态-响应” (pressure-state-response, PSR)模型、灰色关联复合模型及遥感、地理信息系统等技术方法应用于湿地生态安全评价中^{[22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]}。

本文以江苏盐城滨海湿地为研究区, 以RS与GIS技术为支持, 对近20 a来湿地景观格局演化进行分析, 综合运用PSR模型、层次分析(analytic hierarchy process, AHP)法及Delphi法, 评价湿地生态安全并分析其变化趋势, 以期为区域生态环境可持续发展提供依据。

1 研究区概况及数据

1.1 研究区概况

江苏盐城滨海湿地(E119° 27'~121° 16', N32° 34'~34° 28')位于江苏省中部沿海, 辖响水、滨海、射阳、大丰及东台5县(市), 海岸线长582 km, 总面积4 553 km², 是中国最大的滨海湿地保护区。该区地跨北亚热带和暖温带, 气候温暖湿润, 四季分明; 年平均气温14℃; 地势低平, 海拔0~4 m^{[26, 27, 28, 29]}。中国自然资源学会湿地资源保护专业委员会于2006年10月对江苏盐城滨海湿地保护现状进行了实地考察, 结果显示保护区正面临着面积减小、功能下降、生态系统平衡遭受威胁等问题, 人类开发与环境资源保护的矛盾在日益扩大。本文所选研究区覆盖射阳县和大丰市的滨海湿地部分, 囊括保护核心区、缓冲区和一部分实验区范围, 如图1所示。

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	图1 研究区地理位置示意图Fig.1 Geographical location of study area

1.2 数据源及其预处理

选用3景Landsat TM/ETM⁺遥感图像作为主要数据源, 行列号均为119/37, 获取时间为1992年6月7日、2002年5月26日和2009年5月13日, 图像质量良好, 无云覆盖。在ENVI软件下完成数据源的预处理, 主要包括辐射定标、FLAASH大气校正、几何精纠正及图像裁剪等。几何纠正中, 以2002年图像为基准, 将1992年及2009年图像与之配准, 每景图像均选取20个地面控制点, 均方根误差分别为0.31和0.26个像元。

2 研究方法与技术路线

2.1 湿地景观分类

针对景观格局分析与生态安全评价的研究需要, 借鉴国内外湿地分类及信息提取的研究成果, 结合盐城滨海湿地开发利用的特点, 将研究区土地利用类型划分为9类: 互花米草、碱蓬、芦苇、养殖场、盐田、河流水库等水体、耕地、建筑用地及海域^{[30, 31, 32, 33, 34]}。依据遥感图像中地物及其周边环境的颜色、纹理、形状、结构等特征, 结合已有研究成果及野外调查数据, 建立研究区遥感解译标志。运用ENVI与ArcGIS软件, 采用人机交互解译法, 实现图像分类及后处理, 从而得到满足研究所需精度要求的各时相湿地景观分类图, 如图2所示。

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	图2 江苏盐城滨海湿地景观分类图Fig.2 Land cover classification maps of Jiangsu coastal wetland

2.2 景观格局指数选取

根据研究区景观分布特点, 选取相关性较小的5个景观格局指数, 在类型和景观水平上分析盐城滨海湿地近20 a间的景观格局变化: ①优势度指标, 选择斑块类型面积(CA, km²), 表示某一景观类型的面积, 是景观最基础的特征^[15]; ②破碎度指标, 用斑块数(NP, 个)、斑块密度(PD, 个· km^-2)表示, 它们的值越大, 说明景观破碎化程度越高^[15]; ③形状指标, 选择平均分维数(FRAC_MN, 无量纲), 反映景观类型形状的复杂程度和稳定性, 其值越接近1, 斑块形状越简单, 相反越接近2, 形状越复杂^[15]; ④多样性指标, 选择Shannon多样性指数(SHDI, 无量纲), 反映景观元素在结构、功能及随时间变化方面的多样性, 其值越大表明景观信息含量越高, 类型越丰富, 且比例越均匀^[35]。

2.3 生态安全评价方法

2.3.1 指标体系构建及权重确定

针对研究区区域特点, 基于1994年联合国经济合作发展组织(OECD)提出的PSR模型^[27], 建立了包含4个层次11个指标的评价体系; 并运用AHP-Delphi法^[7], 分3个步骤(判断矩阵构造、重要性排序及一致性检验), 确定各指标权重, 如表1所示。其中判断矩阵的随机一致性比率为0.001 9, 小于0.1, 说明判断矩阵具有满意一致性, 权重分配合理。

表1 研究区生态安全评价指标体系及其权重 Tab.1 Ecological security evaluation system and weights of study area

2.3.2 指标获取及规范化

1)压力层指标获取。压力层描述人类活动或自然过程对环境的影响和胁迫, 表征生态系统承受外界输入压力的能力。本文选取人口密度和人口干扰度作为压力层指标。参考闫庆武等^[36]的研究成果, 认为研究区人口密度呈类似圆形的圈层分布, 以各市县主城区为高值中心, 向外逐级递减。主城区可认为是分类图像中主要建筑用地范围, 利用ArcGIS软件, 以选定城区范围为面源中心作半径为2 km的缓冲区分析, 由内到外依次赋值为10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 表示人口密度由内向外依次减小。人口干扰度用建筑用地面积与研究区总面积的比值描述, 可由分类图像统计获得, 其值越大, 说明人口压力越大。

2)状态层指标获取。状态层体现生态系统的组活力、组织结构及对胁迫的恢复能力。本文选择归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)作为活力要素, 优势度指数、破碎度指数、分维数及脆弱度指数的线性组合作为组织要素^{[14, 23]}, 生态弹性度作为弹性要素。其中NDVI由经过大气校正等预处理的遥感图像获取; 破碎度指数选择斑块密度, 分维数选择平均分维数。景观优势度指数的计算公式为

D_i=d L_i+e P_i, (1)

L_i=N_i/N, (2)

P_i=A_i/A。 (3)

式中: D_i为景观优势度指数; L_i为景观类型相对密度; P_i为景观类型相对盖度; d和e为二者的权重, 本文分别定为0.6和0.4^[14]; N_i和N分别为景观类型斑块数和景观斑块总数; A_i和A分别为景观类型面积和景观总面积。

景观脆弱度体现景观对外界干扰的抵抗能力, 不同景观类型的脆弱度存在差异。一般认为处于初级演替阶段、生物多样性指数小、食物链结构简单的生态系统较为脆弱^[38]。针对研究区特点, 通过专家咨询确定本区9类景观类型脆弱度由低到高为: 建筑用地(赋值1)、耕地(2)、芦苇(3)、盐田(4)、碱蓬(5)、互花米草(6)、养殖场(7)、海域(8)、河流及水库(9)。

生态弹性度表示生态系统的缓冲与调节恢复能力^[24], 即

ECO_res= $\begin{matrix} \overset{m}{\sum_{i = 1}} \end{matrix}$ (S_iP_i), (4)

式中: ECO_res为生态弹性度; S_i为土地类型i所占的比例; P_i为土地类型的弹性分值, 一般可通过生产力或专家评分来确定; m为景观类型的数目。

3)响应层指标获取。响应层是生态系统受压后所做出的反映, 在一定程度上反映人类克服生态问题的能力。本文选择植被覆盖度、土壤湿度及地表温度作为响应层指标。其中植被覆盖度通过对NDVI进行正规化获得^[38], 土壤湿度参考蔡达鹏等^[39]构建的土壤湿度信息提取方法反演获得, 地表温度采用覃志豪等^[40]提出的单窗算法反演获得。

4)评价指标规范化。为了使各指标值具有可比性, 须对其进行规范化处理。根据研究需要, 本文将所有指标值规范化到1~10之间, 即正向指标(值越大, 安全性越高)为

P_i=9[(X_i-X_min)/(X_max-X_min)]+1, (5)

负向指标(值越大, 安全性越低)为

P_i=9[1-(X_i-X_min)/(X_max-X_min)]+1, (6)

式中: X_i(i=1, 2, 3, …, n)为第i个评价指标的原始值; X_max为实测最大值; X_min为实测最小值; P_i为规范化值。

2.3.3 生态安全综合评价模型及标准

采用指标加权求和的方法, 实现研究区生态安全的综合定量化分析, 即

ESI= $\begin{matrix} \overset{n}{\sum_{i = 1}} \end{matrix}$ (w_ix_i), (7)

式中: ESI为生态安全综合评价指数; x_i和w_i分别为第i个评价指标的评价向量及其权重; n为评价指标的个数。

为了便于生态安全的相互比较, 本文针对研究区实际情况, 参考国内外生态安全等级划分标准^{[4, 27]}, 拟定了5个安全等级(表2)。

表2 湿地生态安全评价标准 Tab.2 Ecological security grading standard

3 结果与分析

3.1 湿地景观格局变化分析

3.1.1 景观类型面积变化分析

基于各时相遥感分类图像, 在Fragstats3.3软件中实现各景观格局指数的计算, 其中景观类型面积指数统计结果如表3所示。

表3 1992— 2009年湿地景观类型面积统计 Tab.3 Area statistic of different wetland types from 1992 to 2009

由表3可知, 在1992— 2009年间, 研究区范围内耕地、海域、河流及水库等水体的面积相对稳定, 波动不明显。湿地自然景观中, 除互花米草面积增加外, 碱蓬、芦苇面积均呈现锐减趋势。湿地人工景观以养殖场、盐田及建筑用地为主, 17 a内养殖场面积增加迅猛, 盐田面积共减少64.15 km², 建筑用地面积分别以9.86%和3.66%的增加率逐年攀升。因此, 可近似认为在1992— 2009年间, 由于自然、经济、社会及人口等多方面因素的综合作用, 大部分湿地自然景观转为人工景观。

3.1.2 景观破碎度变化分析

分析景观破碎化程度, 可以从特定角度评价景观的稳定性及人类的干扰程度, 如表4所示。

表4 1992— 2009年湿地景观破碎度指标统计 Tab.4 Landscape fragmentation indexes from 1992 to 2009

分析表4可知, 整个景观的斑块数量和密度不断增加, 整体破碎化程度逐年加剧。其中互花米草、碱蓬、芦苇及建筑用地的破碎化较为严重。湿地人工景观中盐田的斑块个数略有降低, 斑块密度变化不明显, 养殖场的斑块数目和斑块密度都呈现增加趋势, 建筑用地的斑块数量不断增加, 破碎化程度逐步加剧, 这是人类干扰加剧的反映。

3.1.3 景观多样性变化分析

经计算得到1992年、2002年和2009年的Shannon多样性指数, 分别为1.359 1, 1.385 5和1.425 3。表明由于人类的围垦开发活动, 17 a内江苏盐城滨海湿地的景观类型丰富程度不断增加, 湿地自然景观逐渐被人工景观代替, 除耕地、海域大面积景观外, 其他景观类型逐渐向均衡化发展; 并且2002— 2009年间的多样性指数上升速度要高于上一时段, 说明湿地的开发利用势头仍处于高峰期。

3.2 生态安全评价分析

3.2.1 湿地生态安全制图

在RS和GIS技术支持下, 根据前文方法提取生态安全评价指标, 生成研究区3个时相的压力、状态、响应及综合指数图, 如图3— 6所示。

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	图3 湿地压力指数图Fig.3 Wetland pressure index maps

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	图4 湿地状态指数图Fig.4 Wetland state index maps

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	图5 湿地响应指数图Fig.5 Wetland response index maps

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	图6 湿地生态安全综合指数图Fig.6 Composite index maps of wetland ecological security

3.2.2 生态安全综合分析

由图3— 6统计研究区3时相生态安全均值, 结果如表5所示。

表5 湿地生态安全指数均值 Tab.5 Mean of wetland ecological security indexes

由表5可知, 1992年, 2002年及2009年的研究区生态安全综合指数呈“ V” 形变化趋势, 2002年的生态安全值最低, 但都在6.0~7.0之间, 说明17 a来盐城滨海湿地的生态系统均处于临界安全状态。图7为研究区生态安全等级百分比统计结果。

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	图7 湿地生态安全等级比例Fig.7 Wetland ecological security rank percentage

由图7可知, 1992年大部分景观处于临界安全和安全状态, 病态和不安全的景观不足2.00%, 很安全景观比例在3时相中最高; 2002年生态安全有明显的整体向病态方向偏移的趋势, 安全和很安全景观大量减少, 不足整个景观的20%, 而临界景观和不安全景观比重上升显著, 但临界安全景观就占了整个景观的2/3, 生态安全处于警戒状态; 2009年的生态安全状况较2002年有所缓和, 但整体形势仍不容乐观, 因为病态和不安全景观较前2年均有所攀升, 不安全比重高达34.06%, 临界安全景观的减少导致了整个景观生态安全的两极分化, 如何保护现有安全景观并改善病态和不安全景观是当务之急。

4 结论

1)1992— 2009年间, 研究区湿地自然景观面积不断下降, 而人工景观面积显著上升。

2)17 a间, 整个景观破碎化程度逐渐加深, 湿地景观类型丰富度在增加, 主要湿地景观向均衡化发展。

3)1992— 2002— 2009年间, 研究区生态安全综合指数呈“ V” 形变化趋势, 3个时相都处在6.0~7.0之间, 说明17 a来盐城滨海湿地的生态系统均处于临界安全状态。

湿地生态安全评价体系涉及自然、经济、社会和人文等诸多因素繁, 但鉴于多方数据获取较难, 本文所构建的评价指标体系具有一定的局限性; 另外, 生态安全等级的划分存在一定的主观性, 在今后的工作中还有待进一步讨论。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2011

0.0

... 景观格局及其变化和发展是自然、生物及社会的各种生态过程相互作用的结果^[1] ...

2003

0.0

2.937

丁圣彦, 钱乐祥, 曹新向, 等. 伊洛河流域典型地区森林景观格局动态[J]. 地理学报, 2003, 58(3): 354-362.

Ding S

, Qian L

, Cao X

, et al. Forest land scape patterns dynamics of Yihe-Louhe River basin[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2003, 58(3): 354-362.

With the help of ARC/INFO software, based on the information from forest resources distribution maps of Luoning County of 1983 and 1999, six indices were used to analyze spatial patterns dynamics of forest landscapes of typical regions in the middle reaches of the Yihe-Luohe basin. These indices included patch number, mean patch area, fragment index, patch extension index etc. The results showed that, (1) there was a rapid increase in the number of patch and total area from 1983 to 1999 in the study area. The fragment degree was becoming serious. (2) The fractal degree of each forest patch type became increasingly great from 1983 to 1999. The mean extension index of Robinia pseudoacacia forest, non-forest, shrub forest, sparse forest and Quercus species forest had increased rapidly, but that of economic forest became zero. (3) The changes of landscape pattern were different in different geomorphic zones. From 1983 to 1999, the vegetation cover area, the gross number and the density of patches, the diversity and evenness of landscapes were all reduced greatly in gullies, but the maximum area and the mean area of patch types were increased.

以野外调查资料和1983~1999年森林资源分布图为主要信息源，用ARC/INFO作为空间信息处理工具，采用斑块数、平均斑块面积、破碎化指数、斑块伸长指数、分数维、稳定度等指标分析了近20年来伊洛河流域中部典型地区的森林景观格局动态。结果表明，(1) 研究区内森林总面积在增加，斑块数量迅速增大，由556块增至1 494块。其中以刺槐林、经济林和杨树林斑块数量增加最多。景观破碎化程度明显加大。(2) 森林景观要素中灌木林、刺槐林、经济林、杨树林、栎林等斑块的面积有所增加，而非林地、荒草地、疏林、油松林等斑块的面积有所减小；除杨树林外，各森林类型斑块的平均面积都在减小。 (3) 研究区内沟谷植被覆盖面积共减少了220 827.9 hm 2 ；丘陵森林覆被面积由1983年的161 870.4 hm 2 增加到1999年的312 599.7 hm 2 ，增加了93.1%；斑块数目由79块增加到758块，增加了860%。而丘陵地区斑块平均面积却大大减小；山地森林覆被面积有所减少，由1983年的375 348.6 hm 2 减小到1999年的338 733.9 hm 2 ，而斑块数却大幅度增加，由1983年的432块增加到1999年的1 127块，增加了695块。(4) 研究区南北山坡森林景观格局变化明显不同，这与南北坡土地类型不同、人类活动方式不同和地形地势的差别有关。

... 动态监测景观格局变化的目的是为了探究景观演替的规律和机制,以预测未来变化趋势,最终使景观资源得到可持续利用^[2,3] ...

2003

0.907

0.8244

... 动态监测景观格局变化的目的是为了探究景观演替的规律和机制,以预测未来变化趋势,最终使景观资源得到可持续利用^[2,3] ...

2010

0.0

孙彩歌, 钟凯文, 刘旭拢, 等. 基于ALOS遥感数据的新丰江流域生态安全GIS评价[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2010, 12(2): 301-307.

Sun C

, Zhong K

, Liu X

, et al. GIS analysis of ecological security evaluation in Xinfengjiang River valley using ALOS data[J]. Journal of Geo-Information Seience, 2010, 12(2): 301-307.

In this paper,a method of ecological security evaluation in Xinfengjiang River Valley was studied,and a theoretic framework was set up with RS and GIS technology.Based on ALOS image,10m×10m grid was taken as basic unit,while township as comprehensive unit.Then Pressure-State-Response(PSR) framework was improved and GIS was used to acquire 18 evaluation factors information,such as settlement pressure,road pressure,mining pressure,water quality,vegetative cover index,rivers density index,land deterioration index and so on.Ecological security index was calculated next by different models in every grid and every town in order to make ecological security classification maps.According to the study,ecological security index is divided into six levels.levelⅠmeans very safe,and level Ⅵ means very unsafe.From levelⅠto level Ⅵ,the ecosystem services become less and less perfect,the ecosystem structure become less and less complete,and the capacity of ecological restoration and reconstruction reduce gradually,while the destruction degree of ecological environment and the possibility of ecological disaster increase gradually.The results show that(1) Ecological security in Xinfengjiang River Valley is good from global aspect.It accurately reflects the status of ecological security in Xinfengjiang River Valley.(2) Security level distribution in was not balanced,which has evident regional characteristics.The worried status of ecological security were in residential、industrial and mining area,while states of Xinfengjiang reservoir area were better.(3) 82.43% of this area is in safe,while about 17.57% of the area is in warning.Despite the overall relatively good situation,insecurity has also reached an area of about 217.600 8km2,which accounted for 3.8% of the watershed area.Of the 41 towns in the river valley,there are 35 towns are safe,5 towns are in warning,with only one town unsafe.The study also shows that RS and GIS technology has positive significance for protecting and improving the ecological security in Xinfengjiang River Valley.

基于ALOS遥感影像,采用10m×10m的栅格精度,以乡镇行政区划作为综合评价单元,在G IS的支持下,获取了18种评价因子信息。通过建立生态安全指数模型,计算出每个栅格和每个乡镇区域的生态安全指数并将其划分为6个等级,即Ⅰ级到Ⅵ级(生态安全状况由非常安全到极不安全)。结果表明,新丰江流域内的生态安全状况整体上较好,但安全等级分布不平衡,具有明显的区域性特征,生态堪忧地区为居民及工矿用地密集区,主要分布在流域的北部、东南部和中部的采矿区,如上坪镇、元善镇和上莞镇等;生态较为安全的区域主要分布在流域中部,如新丰江库区附近的锡场镇、半江镇等。该方法为流域的生态安全评价、预警、保护及管理提供了有效手段,具有积极的实用价值。

... 生态安全反映生态系统完整性和健康的整体水平,指一个国家或社会生存发展所需的生态环境处于不受或少受威胁与破坏的状态,是实现区域可持续发展的基础^[4,5] ...

... 为了便于生态安全的相互比较,本文针对研究区实际情况,参考国内外生态安全等级划分标准^{[4, 27]},拟定了5个安全等级(表2) ...

2008

0.0

王娟, 崔保山, 姚华荣, 等. 纵向岭谷区澜沧江流域景观生态安全时空分异特征[J]. 生态学报, 2008, 28(4): 1681-1689.

Wang

, Cui B

, Yao H

, et al. The temporal and spatial characteristic of land scape ecological security at Lancang River watershed of longitudinal range gorge region in Southwest China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(4): 1681-1689.

Based on the land use data of the Lancang River watershed(LRW), the center of longitudinal range gorge region(LRGR) in 1985, 1995 and 2000, supported by GIS, and with the indexes of fragmentation, isolation and dominance，and of vulnerability of landscape types, it was analyzed that the temporal and spatial characteristic of landscape ecological security(LES) in LRW. The results showed that there were difference change trends for different landscape types in this region, the transformation from one landscape type to anther was very complex and that was mainly happened among farmland, woodland and grassland. It was found that the change of landscape structure can strongly influence the temporal and spatial distribution of ecological security index (ESI) under natural and human factors, which might result in the decreasing of the degree of ecological security (ES) during 16 years. The large difference on the distribution shapes of ESI and its annual decreasing rate were found among the upper, middle and down stream due to the especial terrain and physiognomy in LRW, i.e, the rate of ESI in down stream descend the fastest, then the middle stream, and its of upper stream changes slowly because of locating high altitude and disturbing weekly by human activities. The lower ESI(ES ≤ 05 ) were mainly distributed in down stream with shape of “Y” in NE-SW and spread along the river. And the higher ESI (ES≥0.6) were mainly distributed in the middle stream with SE-NW direction and shrunk along the river. Human activities were mainly carried out on landscape level and landscape was also one of the basic units of the regional ecological environment management. Therefore by using the method of landscape to study on the ES, to discover the alteration character among different landscape types and then identify the change tendency and its inner factors of the regional eco-environment might be important for regional eco-construction and natural resource exploitation.

以1985年、1995年和2000年纵向岭谷区的核心区-澜沧江流域的土地利用数据为基础，在GIS软件的支持下，以破碎度、分离度、优势度等景观格局指数和景观类型的脆弱度为评价指标研究澜沧江流域景观生态安全的时空分异特征。研究表明，在这16a期间，景观结构变化导致景观生态安全指数在时空分异性较强，生态安全程度呈下降趋势，由于研究区特殊的地形、地貌特征，澜沧江流域的上、中、下游的生态安全指数分布形态及其下降幅度存在较大的差异，较低的生态安全指数（ES≤0.5）主要分布于该流域的下游呈东北-西南近“Y”形并沿江扩展，而较高的生态安全指数（ES≥0.6）主要分布于流域的中游呈东南-西北方向并沿江萎缩。人类的经济开发活动主要是在景观层次上进行,景观也是区域生态环境管理的基础单元之一，应用景观方法研究生态安全，揭示不同景观类型间的迁移转化特征并进一步识别区域生态环境的变化趋势及其内在因素，对区域生态建设和资源开发具有指导意义。

2000

0.0

1.388

孙广友. 中国湿地科学的进展与展望[J]. 地球科学进展, 2000, 15(6): 666-672.

Sun G

Development and prospect of wetland science in China[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2000, 15(6): 666-672.

Ithas not found a complete system of theory on wetland science in the world. In this paper,wetland science was defined that: wetland science is a science to study formation and evolution law about wetland system. The main achivements of wetland research of China in the past 50 years were summarized: national marishs were indagated; lot of research results were made; some fields such as wetland system, wetland and global wetland classificationet al, start to join in front of international research. Eight importante objects of wetland research were presented in the paper: law of region difference of wetlands; formation mechanism and deposition motivity of wetland; inland selt wetland and development of West China, reconstruction of wetland environment; sustainable development of wetland and founding national research institution and pubishing wetland journal.

湿地学在国际上尚未形成完整的理论体系。在中国则处于初创时期,与国际水平差距较大。全面总结了中国湿地50年的主要成就:完成了全国沼泽调查;建成了若干研究基地,取得了一大批研究成果。在湿地生态系统及湿地与全球变化、湿地分类等方面的研究开始进入国际前沿。在此基础上提出8项未来研究与建设重点:湿地区域分异规律、湿地形成的多层圈作用过程与机制、湿地沉积动力学、内陆盐碱湿地与西部开发、湿地环境重建、湿地可持续发展、湿地保护理论与法规、建设数字湿地系统。

2011

0.263

0.0

... 湿地是地球上最重要的生存环境和生态系统之一,具有物种基因保护、稳定环境及资源利用等功能,复杂性、多样性及极富活力是湿地生态系统的显著特点^[7] ...

... 并运用AHP-Delphi法^[7],分3个步骤(判断矩阵构造、重要性排序及一致性检验),确定各指标权重,如表1所示 ...

2005

0.0

蒋卫国, 李京, 李加洪, 等. 辽河三角洲湿地生态系统健康评价[J]. 生态学报, 2005, 25(3): 408-414.

Jiang W

, Ling

, Li J

, et al. Assessment of wetland ecosystem health in the Liaohe River delta[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(3): 408-414.

The study builds the diagnostic indicators of wetland ecosystem health, based on the characters of wetland ecosystem, according to the theories and approaches of the ecosystem health and the press-state-response model. The data used for the study include remote sensor data and statistic data. Many advanced technologies were adopted in this study, such as Remote Sensor (RS) and Geography Information System (GIS). Meanwhile, according to the assessment cell of small watershed, the study evaluates individual i...

以生态系统健康及压力 -状态 -响应 (PSR)模型作为研究方法 ,根据湿地生态系统的特点 ,建立一套湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系。以遥感数据及统计监测数据为基础 ,以小流域为评价单元 ,采用 RS和 GIS技术 ,对每个小流域湿地进行单因子和综合评价 ,揭示盘锦市湿地生态系统健康状况的空间分布规律。研究结果表明 :(1)辽河三角洲盘锦市湿地生态系统健康相对较好的区域面积占 2 2 % ,相对一般的占 5 2 % ,相对较差的占 2 6 %。 (2 )双台河口国家级自然保护区湿地生态系统健康相对较好 ,但其中局部地区湿地生态系统健康已经受到威胁 ,健康状况转为一般。 (3)辽河三角洲湿地资源破坏的主要原因是水稻田开发与油田开发。

... 然而,湿地生态系统又极为脆弱,随着人类活动的日渐增强,湿地面积不断减少,景观破碎化程度日益加深,生物多样性锐减,导致湿地生态安全受到严重威胁^{[8,9,10,11,12,13]} ...

2004

0.0

0.881

卞建民, 林年丰, 汤洁. 吉林西部向海湿地环境退化及驱动机制研究[J]. 吉林大学学报: 地球科学版, 2004, 34(3): 441-444.

Bian J

, Lin N

, Tang

The environment degradation and its driving mechanism of Xianghai wetland in the west of Jilin Province[J]. Journal of Jilin University: Earth Science Edition, 2004, 34(3): 441-444.

向海湿地位于半干旱的吉林西部平原区,特殊的地理位置和水文条件决定了湿地处于动态变化之中.在自然和人为驱动影响下,系统结构和功能发生明显的退化趋势,湿地面积缩小、调节功能削弱,区域荒漠化发展迅速.通过对湿地发育的环境背景条件分析,剖析了湿地退化的现状及驱动机制,水陆界面的脆弱性是湿地退化的环境背景条件,而气候干旱化、上游水的大量截流、水利工程设施及土地资源的不合理开发利用等自然、人为因素的耦合作用,加速了湿地的退化过程.基于湿地退化的现状和驱动机制,河流湿地退化的恢复必须从湿地的水文功能出发,考虑水资源的循环和转化,制定水资源综合利用方案及生态技术和生态工程措施.

2004

0.0

2.407

侯伟, 张树文, 张养贞, 等. 三江平原挠力河流域50年代以来湿地退缩过程及驱动力分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 2004, 19(6): 725-731.

Hou

, Zhang S

, Zhang Y

, et al. Analysis on the shrinking process of wetland in Naoli River basin of Sanjiang plain since the 1950s and its driving forces[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2004, 19(6): 725-731.

Wetland is an important resource and it is the most suitable and important survivinge nvironment to human beings.Because of natural and anthropogenic influence,wetland is shrink ing extensively.Its function is declining.All these have threatened the sustainable development of human beings.Taken Naoli River Basin as an example,the wetland shrinkage in space and time and its driving forces are analyzed from 1954 to 2000.The results show that the area of wetland reduces from 1 149 878 hm 2 in 1954 to 277 691.25hm 2 in 2000.The percentage of area reduces from 45.85% to 11.07%.The area of wetland is only 1/4 of the original.On the other hand,the area of cultivated land increases from 206 003.5hm 2 to 1 440 260.25hm 2 .The percentage of area increases from 8.21% to 57.43%.And the main driving force of wetland shrinkage in Naoli River Basin is the human activities reclamation.

以小尺度的三江平原挠力河流域作为研究区域,分析了自1954年以来湿地的空间和时间退缩过程及其驱动力,重建了自1954年以来的土地利用/土地覆被变化过程。结果表明,湿地面积由1954年的1149878hm 2 下降到2000年的277691.25hm 2 ,由占总面积的45.85%下降到11.07%,仅仅是原来面积的1/4不到;而耕地面积由206003.5hm 2 增加到1440260.25hm 2 ,由占总面积的8.21%增加到57.43%。同时指出,人类农垦活动是挠力河流域湿地面积退缩的主要驱动因子。

2004

0.907

0.8244

2011

0.0

2005

4.968

0.0

2010

0.0

韩振华, 李建东, 殷红, 等. 基于景观格局的辽河三角洲湿地生态安全分析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2010, 19(3): 701-705.

Han Z

, Li J

, Yin

, et al. Analysis of ecological security of wetland in Liaohe River delta based on the land scape pattern[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2010, 19(3): 701-705.

Based on the data of the basic information in 1990 and 2005 remote sensing, GIS and previous studies on landscape pat-tern of wetland in Liaohe River delta, the security of wetland in Lianhe River delta is studied by using the indexes on landscape pat-tern and of vulnerability of landscape types, such as, fragmentation, isolation and dominance. In the 19908, the increasing resources exploitation aggregates the fragmentation on Liaohe River delta, which increases the landscape dominance and decrease the diversity. From 1990 to 2005, the disturbance on main paddy field, weed field, beach increased while the landscape ecological security de-creased, which demonstrate that the disturbance from the human beings increase. On the whole, landscape security of whole research region has decreased for 15 years. The previous research on ecological security focused on the environment vulnerability and the protective methods about the ecosystem. While there is few researches relate to the wetland ecological security. It is a new field to study the sustainable development on landscape ecology. The essence of content on the study is to discuss method for quantitative landscape ecological security. By using the landscape ecology on the ecological security, the landscape structure, function, the change tendency and its inner factors are revealed, which provide the scientific evidence on the protection and natural resource ex-ploitation of wetland in Liaohe River delta, and developed and enriched the theories and methods of Chinese ecological security.

以1990年和2005年遥感影像为基本信息源,在GIS技术支持下,在对辽河三角洲湿地景观格局分析的基础上,采用破碎度、分离度、优势度等景观格局指数和景观类型脆弱度为评价指标研究辽河三角洲湿地景观生态安全.20世纪90年代以来大规模的资源开发,加剧了辽河三角洲湿地景观的破碎化程度,使景观优势度增高,多样性下降.从1990-2005年,研究区主要湿地景观类型水稻田、苇田、滩涂的干扰程度有所增加,生态安全度均有所下降,表明人类对自然湿地生态系统的干扰越来越明显.总体来说,15年来研究区整体景观生态安全度呈现下降趋势.以往湿地生态安全的研究主要集中在环境脆弱性和保护策略方面,研究层次着重在生态系统层面,而从景观格局角度对湿地景观生态安全的研究涉及较少,文章涉及的是景观生态学可持续发展研究的一个新领域,所提出的内容实质上是景观生态安全定量表征的方法探讨.应用景观生态学方法研究生态安全,揭示景观结构与功能关系并进一步分析区域生态环境的变化趋势及其内在因素,不但为辽河三角洲湿地及其生物多样性的保护和资源开发提供了科学依据,而且丰富和发展了我国生态安全研究的理论与方法.

... 进行湿地景观格局调查及生态安全评价有助于揭示自然与人类活动影响生态安全的性质与过程,为保障湿地生态功能提供决策支持^[14] ...

... 本文选择归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)作为活力要素,优势度指数、破碎度指数、分维数及脆弱度指数的线性组合作为组织要素^{[14, 23]},生态弹性度作为弹性要素 ...

... 4^[14] ...

2008

0.0

... 目前,国内外对湿地景观格局的研究方法主要有景观格局指数法、转移矩阵法、空间统计学方法等^{[15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

... 2 景观格局指数选取根据研究区景观分布特点,选取相关性较小的5个景观格局指数,在类型和景观水平上分析盐城滨海湿地近20 a间的景观格局变化: ①优势度指标,选择斑块类型面积(CA, km²),表示某一景观类型的面积,是景观最基础的特征^[15] ...

... km^-2)表示,它们的值越大,说明景观破碎化程度越高^[15] ...

... ③形状指标,选择平均分维数(FRAC_MN, 无量纲),反映景观类型形状的复杂程度和稳定性,其值越接近1,斑块形状越简单,相反越接近2,形状越复杂^[15] ...

2011

0.0

0.992

卢善龙, 吴炳方, 李发鹏. 海河流域湿地格局变化分析[J]. 遥感学报, 2011, 15(2): 360-371.

Lu S

, Wu B

, Li F

Wetland pattern change in Hai Basin[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2011, 15(2): 360-371.

Four phases of wetland thematic maps for 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2007 were mapped fromLandsat MSS/TM/ETM+ remote sensing images. The wetland landscape pattern changing, the regional climate changing, and the human activities’impact were analyzed. We concluded that: (1) The shrinking trend of the natural wetlands is significant, with total area decreasingfrom 5360 km2 to 4331 km2 within the period from 1980 to 2007. The man-made wetland areas increasing from 3492 km2 to5245 km2 within the period from 1980 to 1990, and then decreasing to 4499 km2 in 2007; (2) The plains wetlands spread firstly andthen shrank along with the changes in agricultural wetlands .The mountain wetland areas have shrunk gradually mainly because ofthe decreasing of rivers and river flood plains; (3) In the Grade Ⅲ water resources regions , the rivers and agricultural wetlands ofthe downstream plains of the Ziyahe River and the Beisanhe River are the most dramatically changed wetland types in the naturaland man-made wetlands in the plain area of the Basin. The rivers and river flood plains in the mountain areas of the YongdingheRiver, the Ziyahe River, the Daqinghe River are the mostly changed natural wetlands, and the reservoirs in the mountain areas ofthe Yongdinghe River, the Beisanhe River and the Daqinghe River are the mostly changed man-made wetlands; (4) Until 1980, the riverswetlands have been found distributed, widely and afterwards reducing, comparing with the spreading of the other wetland typessuch as agricultural, reservoirs, marine aquaculture fields and brine pans as well as the shallow waters; (5) Influenced by the climatechanges and human activities, the wetland landscape patches are becoming fragmented, and their spatial distribution is becominghomogenized and isolated. Among the influences mentioned above, temperature is the main natural factor that influences the wetlandchanges, and total population changes and food production are the main human activity factors.

利用遥感和GIS技术，制作了海河流域1980年、1990年、2000年和2007年4期湿地分布图，分析了湿地格局变化过程与区域气候变化以及人类活动的影响。结果表明：（1）流域内天然湿地面积萎缩趋势明显，由1980年的5360 km2降至2007年的4331 km2；人工湿地面积先增加后减小，由1980年的3492 km2增至1990年的5245 km2，之后逐渐减小，至2007年降为4499 km2；（2）平原区湿地面积先增加后减少，其主要影响因素为农用湿地的变化。山区湿地面积呈递减趋势，主要受河流湿地和河流洪泛湿地面积递减的影响；（3）在流域水资源三级区尺度，子牙河下游平原河流湿地和北三河下游平原农用湿地是平原区变化最为剧烈的天然和人工湿地，永定河、子牙河及大清河上游山区河流湿地及河流洪泛湿地是山区变化最为剧烈的天然湿地，而永定河、北三河及大清河山区水库/库区湿地分别是山区变化最为剧烈的人工湿地；（4）1980年，流域内河流湿地面积分布最广，之后河流湿地逐渐萎缩，而农用湿地、水库/库区湿地、海水养殖场/盐田和浅海水域湿地面积逐渐增加；（5）受气候变化和人类活动影响，湿地格局呈斑块破碎化和空间分布均匀化与孤立化的演变趋势。其中，气温升高是主要的自然影响因素，总人口变化和粮食生产是主要的人类活动影响因素。

... 目前,国内外对湿地景观格局的研究方法主要有景观格局指数法、转移矩阵法、空间统计学方法等^{[15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

2010

0.0

1.242

顾丽, 王新杰, 龚直文, 等. 基于RS与GIS的北京近30年湿地景观格局变化分析[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2010, 32(4): 66-71.

, Wang X

, Gong Z

, et al. Changes of land scape patterns in Beijing wetland s over the past three decades based on RS and GIS technologies[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2010, 32(4): 66-71.

利用RS图像处理和GIS信息提取和分析功能,确定北京市区域湿地的景观分类系统,获取北京湿地景观数据.同时,基于Fragstats软件,运用景观生态学原理,通过选取景观面积指数、斑块数及斑块密度、斑块聚集度、景观形状指数、斑块分维数和景观多样性指数等空间结构指标,从景观水平上研究了1978-2005年近30年来北京湿地景观分布格局特征的动态变化过程.结果表明:1)北京地区的湿地资源面积呈现显著退化趋势,湿地面积由1978年的68 491.63 hm2减少到2005年的31 416.31 hm2,减少了54.0%;2)1978-2005年,北京湿地斑块趋向于不规则化,破碎程度急剧增加,导致湿地易消退、湿地功能难以发挥;3)随着人类干扰强度的增加,北京湿地类型多样性指数值在1.2以上,与均匀度指数呈明显正相关关系,二者均有增加趋势.

... 目前,国内外对湿地景观格局的研究方法主要有景观格局指数法、转移矩阵法、空间统计学方法等^{[15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

2010

0.0

1.742

刘艳芬, 张杰, 马毅, 等. 1995—1999年黄河三角洲东部自然保护区湿地景观格局变化[J]. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21(11): 2904-2911.

Liu Y

, Zhang

, Ma

, et al. Changes of wetland land scape pattern in eastern Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve from 1995 to 1999[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2010, 21(11): 2904-2911.

Based on the 1995-1999 Landsat TM images and geographic information systems, this paper analyzed the change characteristics of wetland landscape pattern in the Eastern Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve (an inlet of current flow path emptying into the sea), and related driving factors during the past few years pre and post the Yellow River diverting into Qing 8 anabranches in 1996. In 1995-1999, natural wetland was still the matrix of the wetlands in the Reserve, while constructed wetland only had a very small proportion. A substantial increase was observed in the area of nonwetlands, and a decline was found in the area of natural and constructed wetlands, among which, bare muddy tidal flats and marshes shrank significantly. Though the landscape types in the reserve had no homogeneity in the changes of shape and structure, and their aggregation degree in spatial distribution varied, the overall landscape structure became more complicated and fragmented, and the distribution of inner landscape types converted from continuously large blocks to discretely small patches. River diversion, flow break, and human activities were the main three driving factors leading to the changes of the wetland landscape pattern in the reserve.

1 First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China| 2 Dongying Marine and Fishery Institute, Dongying 257091, Shandong, China| 3 Administration Bureau of Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve, Dongying 257091, Shandong, China| 4 Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China| 5 Dongying Ocean and Fishery Bureau, Dongying 257091, Shandong, China

基于1995和1999年的Landsat TM遥感影像，结合地理信息系统技术，分析黄河改道清8汊（1996年）前后的1995—1999年黄河三角洲东部自然保护区（位于黄河现行流路入海口处）湿地景观格局的变化特征，以及影响湿地景观格局变化的驱动因素.结果表明：1995—1999年，保护区湿地仍以天然湿地为主，人工湿地比重极小，期间非湿地面积大幅增加，而天然湿地和人工湿地面积则呈下降趋势，其中，裸露淤泥质滩涂和沼泽湿地面积明显萎缩；尽管保护区湿地景观类型、形状、结构的变化程度不均一，且各景观类型在空间分布上的团聚程度变化不均衡，但总的看来，保护区景观整体结构趋于复杂化，破碎化程度有所加深，内部各景观类型从大块连续的镶嵌分布向小块离散分布转变；影响保护区湿地景观格局变化的主要因素有3个：黄河改道、黄河断流和人类活动.

... 目前,国内外对湿地景观格局的研究方法主要有景观格局指数法、转移矩阵法、空间统计学方法等^{[15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

2008

0.5

0.7263

... 目前,国内外对湿地景观格局的研究方法主要有景观格局指数法、转移矩阵法、空间统计学方法等^{[15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

2001

2.897

0.0

... 目前,国内外对湿地景观格局的研究方法主要有景观格局指数法、转移矩阵法、空间统计学方法等^{[15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

2011

0.907

0.8244

... 目前,国内外对湿地景观格局的研究方法主要有景观格局指数法、转移矩阵法、空间统计学方法等^{[15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

2004

0.0

1.729

杨波. 我国湿地评价研究综述[J]. 生态学杂志, 2004, 23(4): 146-149.

Yang

A review on the study of wetland assessment in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2004, 23(4): 146-149.

Researches on wetland assessment were become hot points in the field of wetland science.In recent years,with the deep development of the study on wetland,much progress has been made in the content and the level of wetland assessment.The measures have been changed from single qualitative assessment on wetland resource to the quantitative assessment,the wetland value assessment,the ecological healthy assessment,the environmental impact assessment and the ecological risk assessment and so on.3Stechniques and mathematics were widely applied.In the future,the research on wetland assessment should focus on the theory of wetland assessment,the index and model of wetland assessment,comparison studies among different regions,the assessment of degraded wetland,wetland and global change,and the application of new techniques and methods.

湿地评价研究已成为新世纪湿地科学前沿研究领域的热点问题。近年来,随着对湿地认识的不断深入,我国湿地评价研究内容不断丰富,研究水平提高幅度较大,研究方法由过去仅局限于湿地特征描述的定性评价,发展到湿地价值评价、湿地生态系统健康评价、湿地环境影响评价以及湿地生态风险评价等方面,3S技术和数学方法在湿地评价研究中也得到了较为广泛的应用。今后我国湿地评价研究应侧重于湿地评价理论、湿地评价指标体系和模型、湿地对比评价研究、退化湿地评价研究、湿地与全球气候变化以及新技术和新方法应用等方面.

... (pressure-state-response,PSR)模型、灰色关联复合模型及遥感、地理信息系统等技术方法应用于湿地生态安全评价中^{[22,23,24,25,26,27,28]} ...

2010

0.0

0.49

吴妍, 赵志强, 龚文锋, 等. 太阳岛湿地景观生态安全综合评价[J]. 东北林业大学学报, 2010, 38(1): 101-104.

, Zhao Z

, Gong W

, et al. Ecological security evaluation of wetland land scape in the Sun Island Scenic Spot, Heilongjiang Province[J]. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 2010, 38(1): 101-104.

A comprehensive evaluation model for ecological security of wetland landscapes in the Sun Island Scenic Spot of Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province was developed based on GIS technology and landscape ecology theory. TM remote sensing data were processed based on RS and GIS, and a database of the Sun Island was also established. Security of wetland landscape in the Sun Island was divided into three levels, namely relatively high security areas including natural landscapes such as water area, lawn, and part of forests; medium security areas including semi natural landscape such as grassland, woodland, and tourist area; lower security areas including a few parts of semi natural landscapes and artificial landscapes such as abandoned land, residential area, and infield. Some countermeasures on the protection and restoration of the Sun Island were put forward for different security areas.

基于地理信息系统技术及景观生态学原理,在利用综合指数法初步构建的景观生态安全综合评价模型基础上,利用RS和GIS技术对遥感影像及其他带有空间属性的数据进行了处理、分析,并根据太阳岛湿地景观生态安全评价结果将太阳岛湿地生态安全状况划分为3个层次: 生态安全程度相对较高的区域,主要为水域、天然草地、部分林地等自然景观;生态安全程度中等区域,主要为部分草地、片林和风景旅游区等半自然景观;生态安全程度相对较低区域,主要为部分未利用地、城镇居民点和耕地等半自然景观和人工景观.根据评价结果,对太阳岛相应区域提出了具体的保护和恢复措施.

... (pressure-state-response,PSR)模型、灰色关联复合模型及遥感、地理信息系统等技术方法应用于湿地生态安全评价中^{[22,23,24,25,26,27,28]} ...

2010

0.0

1.2453

徐明德, 李静, 彭静, 等. 基于RS和GIS的生态系统健康评价[J]. 生态环境学报, 2010, 19(8): 1809-1814.

Xu M

, Li

, Peng

, et al. Ecosystem health assessment based on RS and GIS[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2010, 19(8): 1809-1814.

生态系统健康评价可以认识区域生态系统健康状况、识别生态环境问题,为制定科学的生态保护对策提供依据,对提高可持续发展和环境管理具有重要的指导作用.文章由压力-状态-响应(P-S-R)概念模型建立了生态系统健康评价指标体系和评价模型,运用RS和GIS技术及统计学分析法,形成程序化、系统化的生态系统健康评价技术方法体系,并以高平市为案例,运用定量的方法对其生态系统健康进行综合评价及分级研究,通过对压力、状态、响应评价结果及健康综合评价结果的分析,结合高平市生态系统健康的自然条件状况与人类活动影响,探讨了影响区域健康的因素,为高平市资源的合理利用与保护提供科学依据.结果表明该技术对生态系统健康评价是切实可行的.

... (pressure-state-response,PSR)模型、灰色关联复合模型及遥感、地理信息系统等技术方法应用于湿地生态安全评价中^{[22,23,24,25,26,27,28]} ...

... 生态弹性度表示生态系统的缓冲与调节恢复能力^[24],即 ...

2005

0.0

1.367

李晓燕, 张树文. 基于景观结构的吉林西部生态安全动态分析[J]. 干旱区研究, 2005, 22(1): 57-62.

Li X

, Zhang S

Analysis on the dynamic trend of ecological security in the west part of Jilin Province, China based on the land scape Structure[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2005, 22(1): 57-62.

景观结构的调整和重建是构建安全的区域生态格局的关键途径.基于景观生态学的基本理论,在景观干扰度和脆弱度指标构建的基础上,引入生态安全指数,并利用区变量理论对吉林西部1980-2000年的生态安全状况进行时空动态分析.结果表明, 由于景观结构变化导致的生态安全指数时空变异显著.全区生态安全程度整体有所下降,且安全程度较高的地区降低的幅度更大.生态安全指数的空间分布符合球状模型,250 km以内表现为显著的各向同性,自相关范围都在500 km以上,小尺度不存在结构性因素的影响.9个市县中,生态安全指数最高的是前郭,最低的是通榆,环境恶化程度最大的是大安.

... (pressure-state-response,PSR)模型、灰色关联复合模型及遥感、地理信息系统等技术方法应用于湿地生态安全评价中^{[22,23,24,25,26,27,28]} ...

2010

0.0

张华兵. 江苏省盐城市沿海滩涂生态系统健康综合评价研究[J]. 国土与自然资源研究, 2010(3): 70-72.

Zhang H

The study of the eco-health assessment in Jiangsu Yancheng coast wetland [J]. Territory and Natural Resources Study, 2010(3): 70-72.

江苏省盐城市是"海上苏东"战略的最前沿,是西太平洋海岸最大的滨海湿地,具有极高的生态价值.文章根据整体性、敏感性、主导性等原则,结合P-S-R模型,构建了沿海滩涂生态系统健康评价的三层指标体系.采用AHP--模糊数学--灰色关联复合模型对盐城沿海滩涂生态系统健康进行综合评价,首先通过AHP分析计算出各指标的权重,运用模糊数学建立隶属度矩阵,在此基础上通过灰色关联分析,比较盐城沿海滩涂生态系统健康的空间差异,并分析了差异产生的原因.

... (pressure-state-response,PSR)模型、灰色关联复合模型及遥感、地理信息系统等技术方法应用于湿地生态安全评价中^{[22,23,24,25,26,27,28]} ...

... 地势低平,海拔0~4 m^{[26,27,28,29]} ...

2010

0.0

... (pressure-state-response,PSR)模型、灰色关联复合模型及遥感、地理信息系统等技术方法应用于湿地生态安全评价中^{[22,23,24,25,26,27,28]} ...

... 地势低平,海拔0~4 m^{[26,27,28,29]} ...

... 针对研究区区域特点,基于1994年联合国经济合作发展组织(OECD)提出的PSR模型^[27],建立了包含4个层次11个指标的评价体系 ...

... 为了便于生态安全的相互比较,本文针对研究区实际情况,参考国内外生态安全等级划分标准^{[4, 27]},拟定了5个安全等级(表2) ...

2012

2.89

0.0

... (pressure-state-response,PSR)模型、灰色关联复合模型及遥感、地理信息系统等技术方法应用于湿地生态安全评价中^{[22,23,24,25,26,27,28]} ...

... 地势低平,海拔0~4 m^{[26,27,28,29]} ...

2009

0.0

1.742

刘春悦, 张树清, 江红星, 等. 江苏盐城滨海湿地外来种互花米草的时空动态及景观格局[J]. 应用生态学报, 2009, 20(4): 901-908.

Liu C

, Zhang S

, Jiang H

, et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics and land scape pattern of alien species spartina alterniflora in Yancheng coastal wetland s of Jiangsu Province, China. [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2009, 20(4): 901-908.

Based on the 1992〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2007 remote sensing images and field survey data, and by using the landscape ecology theories and the method of conversion m atrix, the spatiotemporal dynamics and landscape pattern of Spartina alternifl ora in Yancheng coastal wetlands were analyzed by GIS. The results showed that the total area of S. alterniflora along the whole coastal beaches of Yanche ng increased from 3561 hm2 in 1992 to 14491 hm2 in 2007, with a growth rate of 30694%. In 1992〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2007, the total area of S. alterniflora  conversion-in and conversion-out was 26291 hm2 and 15361 hm2, respectiv ely, and the S. alterniflora community in the core area of Yancheng National Nature Reserve expanded from 597 hm2 to 2814 hm2, with an annual growth rat e of 2474%. The S. alterniflora community transformed from scattered patch es in estuarine regions into continuous belt pattern mainly distributed in the p eriphery of coastal wetlands from Sheyang River to Liangduo River. Its centroid moved to the southeast, with a distance of 292 km. The average area of patches increased from 1992 to 2002, and then decreased from 2002 to 2007. The largest patch index and area-weighted contiguity index increased year by year, and the shape of patches tended to be more regular.

基于1992—2007年的遥感影像和野外调查数据，在地理信息系统的支持下，应用景观生态学理论和转移矩阵方法，定量分析了江苏盐城滨海湿地外来种互花米草的时空动态及其景观格局的演变规律.结果表明：研究区互花米草面积由1992年的3561 hm 2 上升至2007年的14491 hm 2 ，增幅达306.94%，累计转入和转出面积分别为26291和15361 hm 2 ;其中，江苏盐城国家级自然保护区核心区的互花米草面积由1992年的597 hm 2 增长到2007年的2814 hm 2 ，年增幅达24.74%.研究期间，该区互花米草空间分布格局由初始的河口地带零星斑块逐渐演变为连续带状，并扩展到射阳河口至梁跺河口之间的滩涂外围;研究区互花米草的斑块重心向东南方向移动（2.92 km），平均斑块面积先增（1992—2002年）后降（2002—2007年），最大斑块指数及面积加权临近度指数逐年递增，斑块形状趋向规则化.

... 地势低平,海拔0~4 m^{[26,27,28,29]} ...

2008

0.0

... 1 湿地景观分类针对景观格局分析与生态安全评价的研究需要,借鉴国内外湿地分类及信息提取的研究成果,结合盐城滨海湿地开发利用的特点,将研究区土地利用类型划分为9类: 互花米草、碱蓬、芦苇、养殖场、盐田、河流水库等水体、耕地、建筑用地及海域^{[30,31,32,33,34]} ...

0.0

0.464

邢伟, 王进欣, 王今殊, 等. 盐城海岸带湿地土地覆盖变化及其生态效应研究[J]. 海洋湖沼通报, 2011(1): 122-130.

Xing

, Wang J

, et al. Land -covered changes and its ecological effects in the coastal wetland s of Yancheng[J]. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology, 2011(1): 122-130.

依据1992、2002和2008年3期Land sat遥感影像数据的对比分析,结合野外取样调查,对盐城海岸带湿地土地覆盖变化及其生态效应进行分析研究.结果表明:在自然因素和人类活动共同干扰下,海岸带湿地土地覆盖发生了显著的变化,自然湿地大量减少,互花米草的入侵改变了盐沼植物群落的演替特征;互花米草入侵以及盐沼植物群落的演替使得海岸带湿地生产力发生显著变化;海岸带湿地土壤理化性质的变动与盐沼植物群落的演替和分布格局的变化表现出很好的相关性;土地覆盖变化改变了盐沼梯度生境,对温室气体、氟代烷烃及还原性硫气体等生源气体的排放产生了重要影响.

2011

0.0

0.992

温庆可, 张增祥, 徐进勇, 等. 环渤海滨海湿地时空格局变化遥感监测与分析[J]. 遥感学报, 2011, 15(1): 183-200.

Wen Q

, Zhang Z

, Xu J

, et al. Spatial and temporal change of wetland s in Bohai rim during 2000-2008: An analysis based on satellite images[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2011, 15(1): 183-200.

The coastal wetlands along the Bohai rim are undergoing rapid change. It is significant for regional planning toaware of these spatial and temporal changes. Multi-years of Landsat TM data and some other remote sensing data are used toconduct Human-Computer interaction visual interpretation of wetlands. Assisted by the collection of field samples, thedistribution and classification of wetlands along the Bohai Sea in 2000, 2005 and 2008 are extracted. The change rate model ofsingle type and the regional dynamic degree model are constructed under GIS to reconstruct spatial and temporal pattern anddynamic pattern of the wetlands. The dynamic transfer matrix is constructed to reflect the dynamics reasons. The results showthat: the brine pan and reservoirs/aquiculture, which are all manmade wetlands, have the biggest area amount and the biggestgrowth rate, with annual growth 205.52 km2 and 146.10 km2, respectively. The reduction of bottomland and tideland are moreobvious than the other types. The Yellow River basin has the most significant wetland change, which is twice bigger than that ofLiao River basin and Hai River basin, and still growing larger. The dynamic degree of the Hai River basin has shown thereducing trends. The wetland change driven by human activities is more obvious than the natural drive. The main wetland typestransfering are caused by human activities such as the reclamation, tideland or bottomland for aquiculture, constructed land orbrine pan.

基于多期Landsat TM 等遥感数据, 采用目视解译和实地样点采集相互支撑的方法, 完成了环渤海地区2000 年、2005 年及2008 年湿地提取和分类; 运用单一类型变化率模型、区域动态度模型和动态转移矩阵, 揭示了环渤海湿地的时空格局、变化特点和驱动机制。研究显示环渤海地区的8 类湿地中, 属于人工湿地类型的盐场和水库坑塘面积比例大且近8 年增长速度也最快, 年均分别增加205.52 km2 和146.10 km2, 滩地和海涂减少最明显; 环渤海地区的三大流域中, 黄河流域湿地变化最显著, 其动态度接近海河流域及辽河流域的2 倍, 且仍在上升, 海河流域动态度已经呈现出降低趋势; 人类活动驱动下的湿地变化比自然驱动更明显, 近海域、海涂及滩地开发, 用于建设水库坑塘、建筑用地、盐场等, 是环渤海湿地变化的重要形式。

2010

5.103

0.0

2009

3.057

0.0

2004

0.0

2.937

丁圣彦, 曹新向. 清末以来开封市水域景观格局变化[J]. 地理学报, 2004, 59(6): 956-963.

Ding S

, Cao X

Land scape pattern dynamics of water body in Kaifeng City since the end of the Qing Dynasty(AD1898-2002)[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004, 59(6): 956-963.

Based on historical data and remote sensing data, six indices including patch number, patch area, landscape dominance index, fractal dimension, patch density and connectivity index were used to analyze landscape pattern dynamics of water body in Kaifeng city since the end of the Qing Dynasty. The results showed: 1) Since the end of Qing Dynasty, landscape area of water body in Kaifeng city had experienced a process of increase first and then decrease from AD1898 to AD2002; the landscape dominant degree had the same change with the area. 2) Patch number of water landscape in Kaifeng city increased from AD1898 to AD2002, but the area of maximum patch, the area of minimum patch and the average patch area decreased, but patch density increased, resulting in an increase in landscape fragment degree. 3) Connectivity index decreased and fractal dimension increased from AD1898 to AD2002. The reasons for these changes include both natural factors and human factors. Prior to 1949, the impact of the Yellow River predominates and after 1949, the impact of anthropogenic activities play the leading role.

借助历史资料和地理信息系统技术，对清末以来开封市水域景观格局的演变进行了分析。研究结果表明：(1) 100余年来，开封市水域景观面积和景观优势度经历了一个由小变大，然后又由大变小的过程。其中，2002年的水域面积为169.6 hm 2 ，为1966年的35%，1898年的89%；景观优势度由1898年的14.6%增加到1966年的36.9%，到了2002年变为13.1%。(2) 从1898年到2002年开封市区水域斑块的数量在增加，最大斑块面积有减小的趋势，最小斑块面积也有减小的趋势，平均斑块面积趋于减小，但斑块密度却在增加，这充分反映了开封市水域景观破碎度的增加。(3) 从1898年到2002年开封市水域斑块的连通性指数是在不断减少的，只是近年来，才有增加的趋势；分维数也有增加的趋势。引起开封市水域景观格局变化的原因既有自然的因素，又有人为的因素。建国以前以黄河的影响为主，建国后人类活动的影响占有重要地位。

... ④多样性指标,选择Shannon多样性指数(SHDI, 无量纲),反映景观元素在结构、功能及随时间变化方面的多样性,其值越大表明景观信息含量越高,类型越丰富,且比例越均匀^[35] ...

2007

0.0

0.377

闫庆武, 马晓冬, 卞正富. 基于地统计的徐州市人口密度空间分布研究[J]. 云南地理环境研究, 2007, 19(4): 13-19.

Yan Q

, Ma X

, Bian Z

On spatial distribution of population density in Xuzhou based on geostatistics[J]. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research, 2007, 19(4): 13-19.

依据徐州市2004年乡镇统计数据,以ArcGIS为技术平台,采用地统计学的方法,对其人口密度的空间分布进行了研究.首先借助直方图、半方差云图和Voronoi多边形等方法对人口密度数据作探索性数据分析,获取了人口密度空间分布的初步信息;然后,采用曲线拟合和交叉证实法确立了徐州市对数人口密度空间分布的变异函数模型(指数模型)及其相关参数;最后运用对数克里金法(LK)得到徐州市人口密度空间分布的等值线地图和三维直观表达地图.

... 参考闫庆武等^[36]的研究成果,认为研究区人口密度呈类似圆形的圈层分布,以各市县主城区为高值中心,向外逐级递减 ...

2010

0.0

0.392

李新琪, 金海龙, 朱海涌. 干旱区内陆艾比湖流域平原区景观生态安全评价研究[J]. 干旱环境监测, 2010, 24(2): 84-93.

Li X

, Jin H

, Zhu H

Assessment on the ecological security in the plain area of the Ebinur Lake basin at arid regions inland [J]. Arid Environmental Monitoring, 2010, 24(2): 84-93.

在构建基于景观尺度的生态安全评价模型基础上,分析了1990―2005年干旱区内陆艾比湖流域平原区的景观生态安全变化特征.结果表明:研究区景观生态安全状况可以分为3个层次,并以河流、湖泊及沼泽为主的湿地景观所在区域的生态安全程度相对较高.1990―2005年,研究区生态安全状况呈现"V"字型变化趋势,其中生态安全评价指数相对较低区域的面积所占比例呈现先增加后减少、总体上趋于增加的状态;而生态安全指数相对较高区域的面积所占比例呈现先减少后增加、总体上趋于减少的状态.

2006

0.0

杨胜天, 李茜, 刘昌明, 等. 应用“北京一号”遥感数据计算官厅水库库滨带植被覆盖度[J]. 地理研究, 2006, 25(4): 570-578.

Yang S

, Li

, Liu C

, et al. Detecting vegetation fractional coverage of riparian buffer strips in Guanting reservoir based on“Beijing-1”remote sensing data[J]. Geographical Research, 2006, 25(4): 570-578.

"Beijing-1"satellite(DMC+4 microsatellite) was launched on October 27th 2005,which covers a large area and has outstanding ability of continual observation.The vegetation fractional coverage is an important parameter for describing vegetation quality and indicating ecosystem change.In this study,"Beijing-1",SPOT5 and QuickBird images were integrated to detect and analyze the vegetation fractional coverage in riparian buffer zones of Guanting Reservoir.On the basis of integrated detection,scale transforming method was used between three images to improve the precision of vegetation fractional coverage measured by "Beijing-1" image.The concrete methods are pixel decomposability method and statistic model establishment,that is,SPOT5 and QuickBird pixels were used to decompose "Beijing-1" image pixel,and then established the statistic models between decomposability results and vegetation fractional coverage measured by"Beijing-1" image.The results show that:(1) The correlation coefficients of vegetation fractional coverage between "Beijing-1",SPOT5 and QuickBird images are high,which suggests that using "Beijing-1" image to detect vegetation fractional coverage of riparian buffer zones of Guanting reservoir is feasible.(2) Using these statistic models can effectively improve the precision of vegetation fractional coverage measuring from "Beijing-1" image.For reed marshes,compared with the result of using vegetation fractional coverage calculation equation,the mean absolute error of vegetation fractional coverage measured by "Beijing-1" image was reduced by 22.7% after applying statistic models.This is a practice on scale transformation of remotely sensed data.(3) Expanding the application extent,pixel decomposability method and statistic model establishment are feasible in enhancing the application precision of lower spatial resolution remotely sensed data by using high spatial resolution remotely sensed data.The integrated application of multi-scale remotely sensed data is a significant approach to promote the precision of acquiring earth surface parameters on large scale.This has become a development trend of remote sensing technology.

1. State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science,School of Geography,Beijing Key Laboratoryfor Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China; 2. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China; 3. Beijing Hydraulic Research Institute,Beijing 100044,China

“北京一号”卫星是拥有多方面技术优势的一颗对地观测小卫星。本文在运用“北京一号”、SPOT5、QuickBird遥感图像对官厅水库库滨带植被覆盖度进行综合监测的基础上,对三种不同分辨率的遥感图像进行基于统计的尺度转换,并应用尺度转换的结果修正了“北京一号”图像提取的植被覆盖度。经检验,运用SPOT5和QuickBird图像对“北京一号”图像进行像元分解,将统计结果与“北京一号”图像的提取信息建立统计模型,应用该统计模型可以有效地提高“北京一号”图像提取植被覆盖度的精度。对湿生植被进行样方调查,结果证明运用像元分解和统计模型的方法使“北京一号”提取植被覆盖度的精度较运用植被指数转换模型的计算精度提高了22.7%。应用该方法可以更有效地运用“北京一号”遥感数据进行连续、大面积的植被监测。

... 一般认为处于初级演替阶段、生物多样性指数小、食物链结构简单的生态系统较为脆弱^[38] ...

... 其中植被覆盖度通过对NDVI进行正规化获得^[38],土壤湿度参考蔡达鹏等^[39]构建的土壤湿度信息提取方法反演获得,地表温度采用覃志豪等^[40]提出的单窗算法反演获得 ...

2008

0.0

0.749

蔡达鹏, 徐涵秋. 利用植被覆盖度-地表温度特征空间提取厦门市土壤湿度信息[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2008, 23(3): 278-283.

Cai D

, Xu H

Extracting soil moisture from Land sat imagery of Xiamen City using a spectral feature space composed of fractional vegetation cover and land surface temperature[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2008, 23(3): 278-283.

土壤湿度是水文学、气象学以及农业科学研究领域的一个重要参数.利用1989年和1996年两个时相Landsat TM遥感卫星影像来获取厦门的植被覆盖度和地表温度,并由此构建了植被覆盖度和地表温度组成的特征空间,最后利用该特征空间反演了土壤湿度,并分析湿度在两个时相中的变化情况.结果显示,在所研究的时间段内,厦门西南老城区的湿度得到增加.但是在东北部城市建成区扩展的地区,土壤湿度则明显降低.

2001

0.0

2.937

覃志豪, Zhang M

, Arnon

Karnieli

, 等. 用陆地卫星TM6数据演算地表温度的单窗算法[J]. 地理学报, 2001, 56(4): 456-466.

Qin Z

, Zhang M

, Arnon

, et al. Mono-window algorithm for retrieving land surface temperature from Land sat TM6 data[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2001, 56(4): 456-466.

Landsat TM data has a thermal band (TM6) to monitor the thermal radiance and surface temperature of the earth. For a long time, retrieval of surface temperature from TM6 data is done through the method called atmospheric correction, which requires the estimate of atmospheric thermal radiance and absorption. The computation is complicated and the accuracy is strongly subjected to the estimate, hence has few applications in real world. In this paper, a new method with simple computation and high accuracy is developed on the basis of thermal radiance transfer equation of the ground. The impacts of both atmosphere and the emitted ground on the thermal radiance transfer of the ground are directly involved into the proposed algorithm, which requires 3 essential parameters for the retrieval: emissivity, transmittance and atmospheric average temperature. Validation indicates that the accuracy of the algorithm is high up to <0.4℃ for the estimate of the essential parameters with no errors and <1.1℃ for the estimate moderate errors. Since the method is applicable for the remote sensing data with only one thermal band, it has been termed as mono window algorithm.

陆地卫星 TM数据 (TM6)热波段表示地表热辐射和地表温度变化。长期以来,从 TM6数据中演算地表温度通常是通过所谓大气校正法。这一方法需要估计大气热辐射和大气对地表热辐射传导的影响,计算过程很复杂,误差也较大,在实际中应用不多。根据地表热辐射传导方程,推导出一个简单易行并且精度较高的演算方法,把大气和地表的影响直接包括在演算公式中。该算法需要用地表辐射率、大气透射率和大气平均温度 3个参数进行地表温度的演算。验证表明,该方法的地表温度演算较高。当参数估计没有误差时,该方法的地表温度演算精度达到 <0 .4℃,在参数估计有适度误差时,演算精度仍达 <1 .1℃。因该方法适用于仅有一个热波段的遥感数据,故称为单窗算法。