GF-1图像在中印边境楚鲁松杰村地质灾害调查中的应用

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张焜, 李晓民, 马世斌, 刘世英, 李生辉. GF-1图像在中印边境楚鲁松杰村地质灾害调查中的应用[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2016,28(2): 139-148
ZHANG Kun, LI Xiaomin, MA Shibin, LIU Shiying, Li Shenghui. Application of GF-1 image to geological disaster survey in Cosibsumgy village on Sino-India border area[J]. REMOTE SENSING FOR LAND & RESOURCES,2016,28(2): 139-148 复制到剪切板

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《国土资源遥感》编辑部

GF-1图像在中印边境楚鲁松杰村地质灾害调查中的应用

张焜^1,², 李晓民^1,², 马世斌^1,², 刘世英^1,², 李生辉^1,²

1.青海省青藏高原北部地质过程与矿产资源重点实验室,西宁 810012

2.青海省地质调查院,西宁 810012

第一作者简介: 张焜(1973-),男,高级工程师,主要从事地质矿产遥感技术应用研究。Email:zhangkun0623@sina.com。

收稿日期: 2014-10-24

基金项目: 中国地质调查局地质调查项目“西北边境地区国土资源遥感综合调查”(编号: 12120114090601)资助

摘要

为了解高分一号卫星(GF-1)图像的应用性能和查明中印边境楚鲁松杰村一带的地质灾害发育规律,利用DEM和GF-1图像对该地区的岩性、构造和地质灾害进行详细的遥感解译。研究结果表明,GF-1数据的融合图像对灾害体的微地貌形态反映较明显,能够用于识别地质灾害体的位置、边界范围等特征信息; 区内地质灾害类型主要为滑坡和寒冻风化碎屑流等,滑坡、崩塌、泥石流多发生在[25°,35°]坡度段内,而寒冻风化碎屑流的发生则与坡度的增大成正相关; 地质灾害运移方向与主构造线方向、基岩层面倾向基本一致。研究还揭示出该区内分布多级河流阶地,较大的垂直落差及丰富的第四系松散堆积物是地质灾害发育的重要因素。

关键词: 高分一号卫星(GF-1); 中印边境; 地质灾害; 寒冻风化碎屑流; 遥感调查

中图分类号:TP 79 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-070X(2016)02-0139-10 doi: 10.6046/gtzyyg.2016.02.22

Application of GF-1 image to geological disaster survey in Cosibsumgy village on Sino-India border area

ZHANG Kun^1,², LI Xiaomin^1,², MA Shibin^1,², LIU Shiying^1,², Li Shenghui^1,²

1. Qinghai Province North of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Geological Process and Mineral Resources Key Laboratories, Xining 810012,China

2. Institute of Geological Survey of Qinghai Province, Xining 810012, China

Abstract

Using data obtained from DEM and GF-1 Satellite(called GF-1) concerning lithological characteristics in Cosibsumgy village on Sino-India border area, the authors conducted detailed remote sensing interpretation of structures and geological disasters to understand the application performances of GF-1 and find out the patterns of geological disasters that have happened in this area. The results show that the fused image of GF-1 data appears to be evident for the micro morphology of the disasters. It can identify the locations and outlines of the geological disasters. Landslide and frost weathering debris flow are dominant in the geological disasters. The landslide, collapse and mudslide mostly occur in the gradients ranging [25°, 35°], whereas the frost weathering debris flow has positive correlation with the gradients. The migration directions of the geological disasters are basically consistent with the directions of the main tectonic lines and the tendency of the bedrocks. Meanwhile, the multilevel river terraces existing in the area and the huge vertical fall from Quaternary system are the main causes for geological disasters, as revealed in this study.

Keyword: GF-1 satellite; Sino-India border; geological disaster; frost weathering debris flow; remote sensing interpretation

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0 引言

西藏自治区札达县楚鲁松杰村一带地处中印边境地区。在该区开展基础地质、矿产、地貌、水文地质、工程地质、交通设施与重要地物等综合遥感调查, 对该区的社会经济建设、生态环境保护等有着重要意义, 尤其对边境地区的国防建设具有重要的战略意义。由于特殊的地理、地质环境及气候条件, 该区域内的滑坡、泥石流、崩塌及滚石等地质灾害频发, 常常阻断交通; 曾有地质灾害波及到印度境内帕里河流域并影响到当地的安全, 致使印度反映强烈^{[1, 2]}。如何减少地质灾害对该区域内交通和国防建设带来的危害, 是亟待研究的一个课题。

遥感技术能快速、高效地获取地表信息, 在滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害调查、监测和研究中发挥了重要作用 ^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]}。随着我国国产卫星技术的快速发展, 国产卫星在资源、环境、测绘、海洋等领域的应用越来越重要^{[13, 14, 15, 16]}。2013年4月26日在我国酒泉卫星发射中心成功发射的高分一号卫星(GF-1)是中国高分辨率对地观测系统的首发星, 对提高我国高分辨率卫星数据(以下简称高分数据)自给率具有重大意义。本文以西藏自治区中印边境楚鲁松杰村一带的地质灾害为研究对象, 采用GF-1卫星数据, 对其全色、多光谱数据进行融合, 制作正射遥感影像图; 并将遥感数据与DEM数据叠加生成三维遥感影像图, 进行地质灾害解译。从应用角度了解GF-1卫星数据特色及其在地质灾害调查方面的能力; 在分析研究区的自然与地质环境、水文地质条件的基础上, 查明研究区地质灾害的发生地点、种类、规模和范围, 探讨该区域地质灾害形成和发育的规律。

1 研究区概况

研究区位于西藏阿里地区西部与印度接壤地带, 属喜马拉雅山脉, 面积约800 km²。其中, 境内行政区划属西藏自治区阿里地区扎达县, 面积约400 km²; 境外面积约400 km², 属印度西姆拉地区。区内为典型的高山峡谷地貌, 丘状高原及构造侵蚀形成的深切峡谷为其主要地貌特征。大多数山峰海拔超过5 000 m, 现代河流发育的高程为3 000~3 800 m; 相对高差多在1 500 m以上, “ V” 形沟谷发育。山峰上发育典型的山岳冰川, 具有各种类型的冰川地貌。

研究区位于帕米尔构造结东翼, 属北喜马拉雅特提斯沉积带, 主要由元古宇基底岩系聂拉木岩群(AnZN)、古生界盖层浅变质岩系色龙群(PS)和中生界才里群(JC)台地碳酸盐沉积组成, 并伴有喜山早期含电气石二云母花岗岩的侵位。聂拉木岩群是构成喜马拉雅地区结晶基底的主体, 整体为一套火山-沉积建造; 色龙群为一套浅变质岩系, 由灰绿色砂板岩和变砂岩组成, 夹少量碳酸盐沉积, 主要为浅海-滨海相陆源碎屑沉积建造; 才里群则为一套台地相碳酸盐建造。构造变形以面理改造和小型褶皱发育为特征, 叠加有后期脆性断裂改造; 断裂构造以NW向多期大型压剪为主要特征, NE向和近SN向断裂多属主压断裂所派生 ^{[17, 18]} 。从所处的特殊地质构造、气候背景条件分析, 研究区属滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害易发区。

2 遥感技术方法

2.1 GF-1卫星数据

GF-1卫星搭载了2台2 m分辨率全色/8 m分辨率多光谱相机和4台16 m分辨率多光谱相机^[19], 其技术指标见表1。

表1 GF-1卫星有效载荷技术指标 Tab.1 Payload parameters from GF-1 satellite

本文使用的GF-1原始数据的获取时间为2014年6月26日, 包括8 m分辨率的多光谱数据和2 m分辨率的全色数据, 均自带有理函数模型(rational function model, RFM)的元数据文件。图像中云雪覆盖量较少(约占1%), 辐射畸变、几何畸变和噪声均较小, 图像清晰, 整体质量较好, 适用于进行遥感地质解译。

2.2 图像处理

在遥感专业处理软件Erdas中的LSP模块下采用 “ DEM+RFM+GCP” (“ 数字高程模型+有理函数模型+地面控制点” )的方法分别对GF-1多光谱和全色原始数据进行正射纠正。其中, 读取RPC.XML文件中的内、外定向参数作为GF-1的RFM模型参数; 选用由IRS-P5卫星数据制作的数字高程模型(DEM)数据作为本次正射纠正处理的辅助数据; 选择GF-1多光谱图像的B4(R)B3(G)B2(B)波段组合并采用Pansharp算法与全色波段进行融合处理; 最后根据本文研究对象对融合后的图像进行局部拉伸处理, 制作遥感正射影像图(图1)。

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	图1 GF-1图像处理流程Fig.1 Flow chart of GF-1 image processing

2.3 三维可视化

利用ArcInfo-ArcScene软件平台, 以制作好的遥感正射影像图为基础, 按照一定的原则, 通过叠加研究区DEM数据, 实现对研究区三维地形特征与地理要素的立体观察。

2.4 遥感解译

在充分收集已有地质环境与地质灾害资料的基础上, 建立地质灾害及其发育地质环境的遥感解译标志; 利用Erdas, PhotoShop和ArcGIS等软件平台, 以人机交互解译为主要手段, 获取相关地质背景和地质灾害信息。

地质背景解译主要参考研究区已有基础地质资料, 以正射影像图为基础图像进行岩性识别和构造解译, 着重解译第四系、断层、微地貌及阶地等的特征、位置和范围。境外地区的地质解译则是在掌握我国境内地质情况及遥感影像特征基础上, 利用对比分析方法, 按照从已知到未知的原则, 采取推演、扩展、外延的方法进行。

3 地质背景遥感解译

3.1 地层解译

应用GF-1遥感数据, 结合前人1∶ 25万区域地质调查成果资料, 对各类地质体进行了较详细的遥感解译, 尤其是对不同成因的第四系及其空间展布进行了识别与圈定。基岩区可见友谊桥岩组(Pt₁y)变粒岩、石英片岩和石英岩, 达巴劳组(O₁d)变质长石石英砂岩, 石器坡组(S₁s)粉砂质板岩夹薄层变质石英砂岩, 普鲁组(S_2-3p)厚层状细晶灰岩, 凉泉组(D₁l)白云岩及白云质板岩, 色龙群(P_2-3S)石英砂岩夹长石砂岩, 聂聂雄拉组下段(J₂n¹)泥晶灰岩夹粉砂岩、石英砂岩和聂聂雄拉组上段(J₂n²)亮晶颗粒灰岩等岩性出露。上述地层在GF-1图像中多以“ V” 形沟谷、均一色调为主要特征, 灰岩出露区表现为典型的尖棱状“ 灰岩陡崖” 微地貌景观; 片岩在图像中以发育与片理走向基本一致的平行状纹形、色带为典型特征; 变质砂岩、石英岩则呈似层状影像特征, 常形成较低缓的光秃圆滑垅脊或丘岗。

下更新统香孜组(Qp₁x)地层仅残存于现今朗钦藏布两岸, 主要沿楚鲁松杰村— 昌格里赞格— 纳姆吉亚一带展布, 出露的海拔高度为3 300~4 200 m; 在GF-1图像中呈灰褐色或浅黄褐色色调, 为较平坦的层状地貌, 影像结构细腻光滑, 局部地段被后期冲洪积所改造, 发育明显的扇状、树枝状水系; 具有较明显的河流相沉积特征, 其中昌格里赞格地区河流相沉积保留比较完整, ⑦⑧⑨级河流阶地构成了区内的最高级阶地, 与邻区札达盆地附近的沉积对比^{[20, 21]}, 其时代应为早更新世。④⑤⑥级河流阶地为中更新世冲积, ②③级河流阶地为晚更新世冲积(图2)。

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	图2 昌格里赞格地区河流阶地Fig.2 River terrace in Changgelizange rigion

GF-1图像显示, 古河流一直向西(现今朗钦藏布方向)侧蚀迁移, 且河流阶地的阶面逐渐变窄, 前缘阶坡垂直高度增大, 反映该区经历了强烈的差异性隆升与河流下切作用, 也表现出青藏高原间歇性抬升愈演愈烈的频繁性和剧烈性。

中更新统冲积(Q $\begin{matrix} {p^{al}}_{2} \end{matrix}$ )沿河岸山坡零星分布, 表现为山前坡麓、山前倾斜台地, 出露海拔高度多在3 900~4 000 m。图像结构光滑, 形成平坦的高位阶地, 边部冲沟密布, 水系不发育(图3)。该套地层与全新统河流沉积相伴, 对应于狮泉河镇西部的中更新统河流相沉积。该时期为青藏高原40~30 ka的“ 泛湖期” ^[22], 邻区的班公错古湖达到最高湖面^[23]。中更新统冰碛(Q $\begin{matrix} {p^{gl}}_{2} \end{matrix}$ )构成高侧碛垄, 在地貌上呈突起的冰碛小丘或长条状冰碛垅。

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	图3 中更新统河流相沉积Fig.3 River deposition of middle Pleistocene

上更新统冰水堆积(Q $\begin{matrix} {p^{fgl}}_{3} \end{matrix}$ )分布于沟谷的山前坡脚地带, 呈平缓扇状地形。上更新统冲积(Q $\begin{matrix} {p^{al}}_{3} \end{matrix}$ )出露的海拔高度为3 200~3 600 m, 沿河岸两侧断续分布, 表现为宽窄不一的阶地。上更新统冲洪积(Q $\begin{matrix} {p^{pal}}_{3} \end{matrix}$ )沿山麓或河谷呈带状、扇状分布。

全新统冰碛(Qh^gl)位于现代冰川冰舌前沿及冰川退缩不久的冰斗之中, 呈长条形、弧形, 舌形前缘清晰可见, “ U” 形冰槽谷明显, 具终碛堤或终碛垅地貌特征。全新统坡积(Qh^dl)分布于喜马拉雅山山脉南北陡峻山地的岩石坡面上, 是基岩经长期寒冻作用发生崩解的岩石沿坡面堆积的产物。全新统冲洪积(Qh^pal)以面状展布于现代河谷宽谷地带。全新统洪积(Qh^pl)主要分布于山间沟谷出口处, 呈山间宽谷及山前扇形地貌。全新统冲积(Qh^al)沿现代河流呈带状、条带状或条状分布, 影像结构细腻光滑。

3.2 构造解译

区内断裂和褶皱构造发育, 其中以NW向断裂为主, NE(或NNE)向和近SN向断裂多为后期断裂, 常将NW向断裂错断(图4)。

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	图4 断裂构造影像特征Fig.4 Remote sensing image feature of fault structure

3.3 岩浆岩解译

区内岩浆活动较强烈, 以中酸性岩浆岩为主, 主要分布于研究区东北部, 岩性为中细粒二长花岗岩(η γ E₃), 在遥感图像中呈浅灰白色— 浅乳黄色色调, 形态多为不规则块状, 典型树枝状水系发育, 普遍具较为细密的斑点状影纹, 影纹结构较为粗糙。

4 地质灾害发育特征遥感分析

4.1 灾害体解译效果

崩塌在GF-1图像中边界完整, 清晰可辨; 陡坎状后壁连续齐整, 色调较周围地物浅, 阴影明显; 崩塌堆积区呈灰白色或灰褐色, 其线理结构和图案与周围明显不同, 呈团块状或流线状纹理; 崩塌体在坡脚形成锥状堆积体或倒石锥, 边界呈弧形锯齿状, 崩积物多而不均, 故影像粗糙, 常显斑状纹理。因此, 在GF-1图像中能够识别出崩塌区和崩塌堆积区的空间形态和展布特征, 但对发育在后壁的次级崩塌或小型崩塌体难以识别(图5)。

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	图5 崩塌影像特征Fig.5 Remote sensing image feature of collapse

滑坡在GF-1多光谱图像中一般显示簸箕形、舌形、弧形和环形等地貌特征, 圈状弧形突出, 后壁较陡, 坡度可达[30° , 40° ], 后壁之上冲沟不发育。滑坡体多呈台阶状, 故形成一系列近于平行展布的陡坎, 滑坡体的整体纹理和色调与背景环境明显不一致^[10]。本文利用GF-1融合图像解译出滑坡的空间展布形态, 滑坡堆积体的长度、宽度等特征部位信息(图6), 也能够识别出古滑坡、新滑坡等类型。

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	图6 滑坡影像特征Fig.6 Remote sensing image feature of landslide

区内泥石流在GF-1多光谱图像中的轮廓比较清晰, 物源区、流通区和堆积区容易辨别。物源区山体较破碎, 呈勺状、漏斗状、椭圆状等三面环山之冰蚀围谷, 第四系松散堆积物(冰碛、残坡积)较丰富, 坡面及细沟侵蚀严重, 支沟普遍发育; 流通区内水系呈线状或树枝状, 沟谷曲直不一、切割明显, 沟谷一般较窄、断面形态呈“ V” 形; 堆积区多为沟谷下游出口, 地形突变而趋于平缓, 常形成扇形堆积, 扇形大小不一。堆积扇上水流不固定, 多呈漫流, 影像结构粗细间杂。因GF-1多光谱融合图像中的色调不够丰富, 局部堆积区的色调、纹理特征不甚明显, 对植被的反映也不够清晰, 泥石流的发育阶段不易判识(图7)。

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	图7 泥石流影像特征Fig.7 Remote sensing image feature of debris flow

寒冻风化碎屑流主要呈散体结构分布于我国西部高寒山区, 成分以碎石及少量岩屑为主, 外貌特征与大型采石场加工碎石料后的堆石特征类似, 为典型的由寒冻风化引起的基岩剥蚀产物, 受高山冰缘环境中的海拔、坡向、温度和降水、岩性构造及地形条件等条件制约^{[24, 25, 26]}。区内寒冻风化碎屑流多分布于陡坡之上, 呈面状展布, 影像粗糙, 灰白或灰褐色调, 具斑点状或斑状纹理, 在GF-1多光谱图像中可以判识其位置和范围等特征信息(图8)。

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	图8 寒冻风化碎屑流影像特征Fig.8 Remote sensing image feature of frost weathering debris flow

4.2 灾害体分布规律

经详细综合解译, 发现区内共发育地质灾害86处, 主要类型为滑坡和寒冻风化碎屑流, 崩塌和泥石流次之。其中: 崩塌5处, 滑坡41处, 泥石流4条, 寒冻风化碎屑流36处。参照中国地质调查局地质调查技术标准《滑坡崩塌泥石流灾害详细调查规范( 1∶ 50 000)》中的分类原则, 区内发生的地质灾害按规模划分为特大型1处、大型9处、中型39处、小型37处。

4.2.1 崩塌

研究区内的崩塌主要发生于朗钦藏布(印度称之为萨特莱杰河)两岸, 均位于高山峡谷地段, 共5处, 海拔高程范围为3 400~3 600 m, 均发育在友谊桥岩组(Pt₁y)石英片岩和石英片岩夹变粒岩组合中。

利用DEM数据将全区坡度分成4个级别: [5° , 15° )为平缓, [15° , 25° )为缓, [25° , 35° )为中陡, ≥ 35° 为高陡。统计结果表明, 崩塌主要发育在中陡和高陡的坡度段内, 缓坡度地段发育崩塌较少(仅占20%), 均为中、小型崩塌(表2)。

表2 崩塌基本特征统计 Tab.2 Statistical basic characters of collapses

4.2.2 滑坡

区内滑坡主要发生在第四系松散堆积物和海拔3 200~4 800 m并以沉积岩为主的冰蚀发育区, 共41处。其中发育在第四系松散堆积物(主要为下更统世香孜组)中的有27处, 约占滑坡总数的65.85%; 其余主要发生在色龙群(P_2-3S)石英砂岩夹粉砂岩组合和友谊桥岩组(Pt₁y)石英片岩夹变粒岩组合中。

统计结果表明, 滑坡主要发生在[5° , 15° )坡度段内, 约占滑坡总数的53.66%; 发生在[15° , 25° )坡度段内的滑坡占39.02%; ≥ 25° 的地段发育滑坡较少, 所占比例仅为7.32%; 区内滑坡均为中、小型滑坡(表3)。

表3 滑坡基本特征统计 Tab.3 Statistical basic characters of landslides

4.2.3 泥石流

区内泥石流共发育4条, 以沟口堆积型为主, 规模均较小, 所处高程多在2 900~5 900 m之间, 流域坡度均在[16° , 27° ]坡度段内。研究发现, 区内波石流发育受控于友谊桥岩组(Pt₁y)石英片岩、石英片岩夹变粒岩, 色龙群(P_2-3S)石英砂岩夹粉砂岩以及第四系洪积、冰碛、冰水堆积、坡积等沉积物。局部泥石流沟两侧可见滑坡和崩塌, 细沟和坡面侵蚀严重(表4)。

表4 泥石流基本特征统计 Tab.4 Statistical basic characters of mudslides

编号	流域面积/km²	流域岩性	主沟长度/m	源头高程/m	沟口高程/m	相对高差/m	流域坡度/(° )
1	5.72	P_2-3S, Qh^gl, Qh^pl, Qh^dl	4 500	5 900	4 200	1 700	25
2	13.64	Pt₁y, Qh^gl, Qh^pl, Qh^dl Q $\begin{matrix} {p^{fgl}}_{3} \end{matrix}$ , Q $\begin{matrix} {p^{gl}}_{2} \end{matrix}$	13 000	5 800	3 000	2 800	16
3	3.25	Pt₁y、Qh^pl、Qh^dl	3 200	4 300	2 900	1 400	27
4	2.83	Pt₁y、Qh^pl、Qh^dl	4 200	4 400	2 900	1 500	22

表4 泥石流基本特征统计 Tab.4 Statistical basic characters of mudslides

4.2.4 寒冻风化碎屑流

区内寒冻风化碎屑流多发生在海拔高程3 400~5 800 m之间, 其物质组成主要为全新统坡积(Qh^dl)砂土、碎石以及少量岩屑, 原岩为聂聂雄拉组二段(J₂n²)灰岩夹砂岩和板岩, 凉泉组(D₁l)白云岩及白云质板岩和友谊桥岩组(Pt₁y)石英片岩及石英片岩夹变粒岩等。碎屑流相对高度多在200~300 m之间, 最高可达1 600 m, 主要为中型(占发育总数的72.22%)。大部分碎屑流发生在> 35° 坡度段内, 所占比例约为66.67%; 其次发生在[25° , 35° ]坡度段内, 约占30.56%(表5)。

表5 寒冻风化碎屑流基本特征统计表 Tab.5 Statistical basic characters of frost weathering debris flows

5 地质灾害形成条件分析

5.1 地形地貌条件

研究区内高山峡谷发育, 地形高差悬殊, 说明曾经发生过强烈的外动力地质作用, 为地质灾害的发生提供了足够的势能和巨大的空间。不同坡度段内发育的地质灾害统计见图9。

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	图9 不同坡度段内发育的地质灾害统计Fig.9 Statistical diagram of geological disasters in different slope sections

对解译结果的研究发现, 滑坡、崩塌和泥石流在不同坡度段内具较好的相关性, 多集中发生在中陡的[25° , 35° )坡度段内; 而寒冻风化碎屑流的发生则与坡度的增大成正相关— — 在一定的区间内, 坡度越大, 寒冻风化碎屑流越易发生, 表明区内地质灾害的发生明显受地形地貌条件的控制。

5.2 地质构造条件

地质灾害的形成和分布主要受地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、新构造活动、水文地质条件、地震以及气候、人类活动等因素制约^{[27, 28]}。其中, 地层岩性、地质构造和新构造活动是地质灾害形成的基本条件。

5.2.1 地层岩性

区内发生地质灾害共计86处(图10)。按不同地层中地质灾害发育的个数来统计, 与第四系松散堆积物有关的地质灾害有67处(占地质灾害总数的77.91%), 说明中陡和高陡坡度段内发育的大量松散堆积物为地质灾害的形成奠定了丰富的物质基础。从岩性及水文地质条件来看, 松散堆积物孔隙度大, 透水性强, 而下伏基岩透水性相对较差, 易形成隔水层。地表降水的入渗使松散堆积物呈饱和状态, 下渗后的地下水软化土体, 增大土体重量和孔隙水压力, 使土体力学强度降低, 因而易在土体中或基岩面上形成滑带或滑移面, 导致松散堆积物滑动, 形成滑坡。

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	图10 研究区地质简图Fig.10 Simplified geological map of study area

基岩中发育的地质灾害有19处(占地质灾害总数的22.09%), 主要为滑坡和崩塌。上述地质灾害主要发生在友谊桥岩组(Pt₁y)石英片岩和石英片岩夹变粒岩组合及聂聂雄拉组下段(J₂n¹)的灰岩夹砂岩组合中, 这些地层中的岩性软— 硬、厚— 薄相间, 多具软弱夹层, 且岩层间多以规模不等的片理化带为界, 各岩性层片理发育, 在寒冻风化、降水、雪融作用以及上覆重物的作用下极易发育成滑动面, 从而发生地质灾害^[29]。

5.2.2 地质构造

研究区由于青藏高原的强烈隆升, 其周缘地区构造变形十分强烈, 加之气候环境特殊, 成为地质灾害事件集中发生的区域^[30]。地质构造对区内地质灾害的形成和发育具有明显的影响: ①控制了地貌的形成和发育。区内的地貌特征反映了地壳上升、河流下切的运动过程, 以本区河流相沉积为例, 多级河流阶地所组成的层状地貌就是新构造运动最近时期的产物, 反映了地壳的间歇性垂向运动特征, 是高原地面抬升的直接证据^[31] 。区内广泛分布多级河流阶地, 且早更新世河流相沉积与现代河流的海拔高程相差近1 000 m, 标志着现代地壳构造运动仍存在显著的继承性垂直运动, 也表明了0.15 Ma (共和运动^[32])以来该区又进入了强烈的隆升时期。差异性隆升造就了区内山势险峻、沟谷深切、临空面发育的地貌特征(如在朗钦藏布两岸形成300~1 500 m的高陡边坡), 为区内地质灾害的发育提供了临空条件。②限制了地质灾害的分布范围。由图10可以看出, 区内主构造线方向为NW向, NE向和近SN向次之。地质灾害的条带状分布基本上受控于这3组断裂带, 大部分地质灾害发育在断裂带附近。同时, 对区内基础地质资料分析和地质灾害运移方向的统计(图11)表明: 基岩层面倾向为110° ~160° , 地质灾害的运移方向主要为220° 和150° , 分别与主构造线方向、基岩层面倾向基本一致。这一事实说明, 区内断裂、大型节理、面理和层理等成灾构造是导致在这一地区频发崩塌和滑坡等地质灾害的直接原因。③改变了岩土体的结构、物理性质和力学强度。以寒冻风化碎屑流为例, 影响寒冻风化速率的主要因素是节理的密集程度, 特别是有断裂带通过的地段会加速寒冻风化^[19]。而区内构造变形十分强烈, 岩石中发育大量节理和面理构造, 且在压力、剪切力、重力等作用下, 岩石易发生破碎和位移, 也就更易发生寒冻风化碎屑流。

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	图11 地质灾害运移方向玫瑰花图Fig.11 Rose pattern for migration direction of geological disasters

6 结论

1)高分一号卫星(GF-1)数据的融合图像对地质体(或灾害体)的微地貌形态特征反映较明显, 能够用于识别灾害体的位置、边界范围等特征信息。

2)本文依据微地貌特征, 在GF-1融合图像中识别并圈定出不同类型的第四系。在楚鲁松杰村— 昌格里赞格— 纳姆吉亚一带新解译出下更新统香孜组地层、中更新统冲积和上更新统冲积, 完善了区内第四系地层系统, 为研究区内新构造运动及青藏高原隆升补充了与第四系有关的资料。

3)区内共发育地质灾害86处, 主要灾害类型为滑坡和寒冻风化碎屑流, 崩塌和泥石流次之。其中: 滑坡41处, 崩塌5处, 泥石流4条, 寒冻风化碎屑流36处。

4)滑坡、崩塌和泥石流在不同坡度段内具较好的相关性, 多集中发生在中陡的[25° , 35° ]坡度段内; 而寒冻风化碎屑流的发生则与坡度的增大成正相关, 在一定的区间内, 坡度越大, 寒冻风化碎屑流越易发生。

5)地质灾害的运移方向分别与主构造线方向和基岩层面倾向基本一致。

6)区内第四系松散堆积物广泛分布(大多数分布在海拔高程4 000 m左右), 较大的垂直落差及组成物质的松散性成为诱发滑坡、泥石流和寒冻风化碎屑流的重要因素。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[21]	朱大岗, 孟宪刚, 邵兆刚, 等. 西藏札达盆地上新统-早更新统河湖相地层多重地层划分与对比[J]. 地球学报, 2008, 29(2): 137-144. Zhu D G, Meng X G, Shao Z G, et al. Division and correlation of pliocene and early pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine strata in the Zhada Basin, Tibet, China[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2008, 29(2): 137-144. [本文引用:1]
[22]	郑绵平, 袁鹤然, 赵希涛, 等. 青藏高原第四纪泛湖期与古气候[J]. 地质学报, 2006, 80(2): 169-180. Zheng M P, Yuan H R, Zhao X T, et al. The Quaternary Pan-lake(Overflow)Period and Paleoclimate on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2006, 80(2): 169-180. [本文引用:1]
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[24]	李树德. 天山乌鲁木齐河源胜利达坂岩石风化剥蚀速率初探[J]. 冰川冻土, 1981, 3(s1): 114-119. Li S D. Study on denudation rate of Heyuanshenglidaban rock of Tianshan mountains in Urumchi City[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1981, 3(s1): 114-119. [本文引用:1]
[25]	刘耕年, 熊黑钢. 中国天山高山冰缘环境中的寒冻风化剥蚀作用及其影响因素[J]. 冰川冻土, 1992, 14(4): 332-341. Liu G N, Xiong H G. The denudation rate of gelifraction and its influential factors in the periglacial environment of Tianshan mountains(in China)[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1992, 14(4): 332-341. [本文引用:1]
[26]	王启国, 张良平. 西藏中波河段大型碎屑流成因机制及防治对策[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2011, 30(11): 2293-2302. Wang Q G, Zhang L P. Formation mechanism and preventive countermeasure of large-scale frost weathering debris flow on Zhongbo reach of Yuqu river in Tibet[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2011, 30(11): 2293-2302. [本文引用:1]
[27]	段永侯. 我国地质灾害的基本特征与发展趋势[J]. 第四纪研究, 1999(3): 208-216. Duan Y H. Basic characters of geo-hazards and its development trend in China[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 1999(3): 208-216. [本文引用:1]
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[29]	刘春玲, 祁生文, 童立强, 等. 喜马拉雅山地区重大滑坡灾害及其与地层岩性的关系研究[J]. 工程地质学报, 2010, 18(5): 669-676. Liu C L, Qi S W, Tong L Q, et al. Great land slides in Himalaya mountain area and their occurrence with lithology[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2010, 18(5): 669-676. [本文引用:1]
[30]	彭建兵, 马润勇, 卢全中, 等. 青藏高原隆升的地质灾害效应[J]. 地球科学进展, 2004, 19(3): 457-466. Peng J B, Ma R Y, Lu Q Z, et al. Geological hazards effects of uplift of Qinghai-Tibet plateau[J]. Advance in Earth Sciences, 2004, 19(3): 457-466. [本文引用:1]
[31]	潘保田, 李吉均, 李炳元. 青藏高原地面抬升证据讨论[J]. 兰州大学学报: 自然科学版, 2000, 36(3): 100-111. Pan B T, Li J J, Li B Y. Discussion on evidences for surface uplift of the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Lanzhou University: Natural Sciences, 2000, 36(3): 100-111. [本文引用:1]
[32]	李吉均, 方小敏, 马海洲, 等. 晚新生代黄河上游地貌演化与青藏高原隆起[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 1996, 26(4): 316-322. Li J J, Fang X M, Ma H Z, et al. Geomorphological and environmental evolution in the upper reaches of the Yellow River during the Late Cenozoic[J]. Science in China(Series D), 1996, 26(4): 316-322. [本文引用:1]

2006

0.0

... 曾有地质灾害波及到印度境内帕里河流域并影响到当地的安全,致使印度反映强烈^[1,2] ...

... 遥感技术能快速、高效地获取地表信息,在滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害调查、监测和研究中发挥了重要作用 ^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2007

0.0

... 曾有地质灾害波及到印度境内帕里河流域并影响到当地的安全,致使印度反映强烈^[1,2] ...

... 遥感技术能快速、高效地获取地表信息,在滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害调查、监测和研究中发挥了重要作用 ^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2006

0.0

... 遥感技术能快速、高效地获取地表信息,在滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害调查、监测和研究中发挥了重要作用 ^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2007

0.0

王治华. 中国滑坡遥感及新进展[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2007, 19(4): 7-1032. doi: DOI: 106046/gtzyyg. 2007. 04. 02.

Wang Z

Remote sensing for land slides in China and its recent progress[J]. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2007, 19(4): 7-1032. doi: DOI:10.6046/gtzyyg.2007.04.02.

With the adoption of the Digital Landslide Technique and high resolution remote sensing data, remote sensing has enabled more accurate qualitative and quantitative survey of regional landslides and monitoring of large landslide since the beginning of 21 Century. Digital Landslide Technique is based on geoscience principles of landslide and depends on the support of remote sensing, digital photogrammetry and image-processing, GIS and computer techniques. It can be divided into four parts, namely, landslide identification, capturing of basic landslide information, information storage and management, and spatial analysis. The technique has perfected and developed itself continually during the practice since the end of the 20th Century.

China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources, Beijing 100083, China

自本世纪初起，由于采用了“数字滑坡技术”和高分辨率遥感数据，滑坡遥感成为能更准确的定性、定位、定量的滑坡调查手段，可进行区域的和大型个体滑坡的详细调查和监测研究。“数字滑坡”技术的实现基于滑坡地学原理并依赖遥感技术、数字摄影测量及图像处理技术、GIS技术和计算机技术的支持。该项技术大致可分为4大部分：滑坡识别、滑坡基本信息获取、信息存贮和管理及空间分析。20世纪末期以来，数字滑坡技术在应用中不断完善和获得新进展。

... 遥感技术能快速、高效地获取地表信息,在滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害调查、监测和研究中发挥了重要作用 ^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2007

0.0

杨金中, 杨日红. 遥感技术在三峡库区千将坪滑坡研究中的应用[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2007, 19(4): 85-89. doi: DOI: 106046/gtzyyg. 2007. 04. 19.

Yang J

, Yang R

The application of remote sensing digital technique to the investigation of the Qianjiangping land slide in the Three Gorges Area[J]. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2007, 19(4): 85-89. doi: DOI:10.6046/gtzyyg.2007.04.19.

A gigantic landslide happened at Qianjiangping Village of the Three Gorges area in Zigui County, Hubei Province on July 13,. 2003. Combining advanced remote sensing digital technique with the relief map data, the authors set up the DEMS before landslide and after landslide of this area. On the basis of these high-resolution satellite images, a 3D terrain model was constructed. Interactive interpretation was employed to get characteristic features, the slide direction and the distance between various parts of landslide were calculated, and then the volume was estimated, which is 1.5×107m3. Making good use of geological data, disaster theory and GIS, the authors found out the caused for Qianjiangping landslide. It is believed that the main triggering factors seem to have been the sluice of the Three Gorges and continuous heavy rainfall.

China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources, Beijing 100083, China

2003年7月13日，三峡库区湖北省秭归县沙镇溪镇千将坪村发生特大型滑坡灾害后，利用先进的数字遥感技术，结合滑坡前后的高分辨率的遥感数据、地形图资料和野外所测的GPS控制点，制作出研究区滑坡前后的数字高程模型(DEM)，同时采用合理的图像处理技术，获得了滑坡前后正射影像图。利用三维可视化技术，采用人机交互解译滑坡，详细的对比解译滑坡前后的影像，分别对滑体的滑动方向、距离和堆积体面积进行了定量计算，结合勘查资料估算出其体积约为1 500万方，综合地质学、灾害学原理和地理空间信息技术等科学分析了千将坪滑坡的形成条件，认为千将坪在“7.13”滑坡之前为一特大型顺层古滑坡，而“7.13”滑坡是古滑坡的大规模复活，三峡库区蓄水和降雨综合作用是促使滑坡复活的主要诱发因素。

... 遥感技术能快速、高效地获取地表信息,在滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害调查、监测和研究中发挥了重要作用 ^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2007

0.0

童立强, 祁生文, 刘春玲. 喜马拉雅山东南地区地质灾害发育规律初步研究[J]. 工程地质学报, 2007, 15(6): 721-729.

Tong L

, Qi S

, Liu C

Preliminary study of geohazard development patterns in the southeast region of Himalaya mountains[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2007, 15(6): 721-729.

Combined with RS and MAPGIS, the geohazards of the southeast of Himalaya Mountains in Tibet are studied. The geohazards include landslide, rock fall, mudflow, ice lake, and checked-up lake. The landslide, rock fall and mudflow account for about 95.3% of the total geohazards. The patterns of the development of geohazards are discussed accordingly. The results indicate that the geohazards are not evenly distributed in the region. A majority of the landslides are developed in Longzi county and Lang County. A majority of the mudflows are developed in Milin county, Longzi county and Luozha county. A majority of the rock falls took place in Longzi county. Meanwhile, the study shows that the landslides have a close relationship with the strata, the slope and the land type. The Xiukang group, Ridang formation and Nianqingtanggula group are prone to slide strata. The slope angle between 16°～30° is the slope angle prone to slide. and The shrubbery and grassland are the two land types prone to slide. The Niuru formation is the stratum prone to take place mudflow. The range of 16°～30° is the slope angle prone to mudflow too. The icefall and permanent snow area are the place easy to take place mudflow. However, the rock fall mainly takes place in the Nieru formation and on the slopes with slope angle larger than 60o. These findings can be used as a basis for a spatial prediction of the geohazards in the region.

1. China Aerogeophysics and Remote Sensing Center, Beijing 100083 2. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029

利用遥感手段,结合MapGis,研究了喜马拉雅山东南地区地质灾害的发育情况,发现本区发育的主要地质灾害有滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、冰湖以及堰塞湖。其中崩塌、滑坡、泥石流斜坡地质灾害是本区最重要的地质灾害类型,占到总灾害数量的95.3%。在此基础上对喜马拉雅山东南地区地质灾害发育规律初步研究,发现本区地质灾害的发育在空间上的分布并非均匀,而是具有丛集性的特点。滑坡灾害主要发育在隆子和朗县。泥石流灾害比较严重的有米林、隆子和洛扎3县,而崩塌则主要集中在隆子县。研究发现,本区滑坡发育与地层、地形坡度以及土地类型关系密切,其中修康群、日当组和念青唐古拉群是本区的"易滑地层"。涅如组由于面积大,其中发育的滑坡较多,但是滑坡的发育率只略高于本区的平均水平。统计表明,16°～30°的坡度范围是滑坡最容易发生的。大于45°以上的坡段很少发生滑坡。灌木林和天然草地这两种土地类型滑坡发育率最高。对于泥石流,研究表明,涅如组中泥石流发育面积最大,发育率也最高。泥石流发育的最适宜坡度也是16°～30°这样一个坡度范围。冰川和永久积雪区则最易发生泥石流。崩塌发育与地层类型、坡度的关系较为密切,崩塌主要发育在涅如组中,并且集中在坡度大于60°以上的陡坡段中。这些初步成果的取得,是以后进行该区地质灾害空间预测的基础。

... 遥感技术能快速、高效地获取地表信息,在滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害调查、监测和研究中发挥了重要作用 ^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2009

0.0

... 遥感技术能快速、高效地获取地表信息,在滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害调查、监测和研究中发挥了重要作用 ^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2011

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王润生, 熊盛青, 聂洪峰, 等. 遥感地质勘查技术与应用研究[J]. 地质学报, 2011, 85(11): 1699-1743.

Wang R

, Xiong S

, Nie H

, et al. Remote sensing technology and its application in geological exploration[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2011, 85(11): 1699-1743.

The development of remote sensing opens up greatly the people’s field of view and visual capabilities. People can really analyze a whole earth as a unified system. At present, with the characteristics of macroscopic, comprehensive, multi-scale and multi-level, remote sensing technology has become an indispensable means of geological work, and play an important role in many fields, such as geological survey，mineral exploration, geological environmental evaluation, geohazards monitoring, geological research, lunar and planetary exploration, et al..With the increasing in the resolutions (spatial, spectral, temporal, radiative) of sensors ,particularly the development in hyerspectral and radar interferometry, the observation scale of remote sensing has been increased greatly, the discrimination ability and identification accuracy has been improved significantly, which makes remote sensing a qualitative leap forward from discrimination to identificatification, from macro objects detection to micro component identification, promote remote sensing geology and its application to a newly higher level. .Firstly, the newly developments of remote sensing geology , the principle, methodology and modeling of ore prospecting using remote sensing are described briefly in the paper, and then, the principles, methodologies, technologic characteristics and keys about reflectance spectral measurement of rocks and minerals, digital processing of remotely sensed images, anomaly extraction from multispectral remote sensing images, hyperspectral mineral identification and mineral mapping, remote sensing mineral prospective model, surface deformation inverstigation and monitoring with radar interferometer, geohazard monitoring with remote sensing are discussed respectively, some research achievements and application examples are presented.

遥感的发展极大地拓宽了人类的视野和视觉能力，以其宏观性、综合性、多尺度、多层次的特点，已成为地质研究和地质勘查不可缺少的方面军，在地质调查、矿产勘查、地质环境评价、地质灾害监测和基础地质研究等方面都发挥了越来越大的作用。随着传感器分辨率（空间、光谱、时间、辐射）的不断提高，特别是高光谱和干涉雷达技术的发展，不仅极大地提高了遥感的观测尺度、对地物的分辨本领和识别的精细程度，而且使遥感地质发生了由宏观探测到微观探测，由定性解译到定量反演的质的飞跃，将遥感地质和应用都推向一个新的高度。本文首先简要介绍了遥感技术的发展及其意义，遥感地质找矿的原理、方法和遥感找矿模型，然后分别从岩矿波谱、遥感图像处理、多光谱蚀变异常提取、高光谱矿物识别与填图、InSAR地表形变调查与监测、遥感找矿模型、遥感地质灾害调查与监测7个方面介绍了遥感的基本原理、主要的技术方法、技术特点和技术关键、主要的应用领域，以及取得的一些研究成果和应用实例

... 遥感技术能快速、高效地获取地表信息,在滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害调查、监测和研究中发挥了重要作用 ^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2012

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朱静, 唐川. 遥感技术在我国滑坡研究中的应用综述[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2012, 27(3): 458-464.

Zhu

, Tang

An overview of remote sensing applications for land slide research in China[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2012, 27(3): 458-464.

The application of remote sensing technology in the studies of landslides in China has a history of more than 30 years.As the chief means of landslide research,remote sensing technology has played an important role in the damage investigation and risk assessment of landslides in large-scale engineer construction.With the rapid development of remote sensing technology,especially the utilization of high-resolution satellite data,which had become an indispensable mean for landslide identification and inventory,monitoring and assessment.This paper reviewed remote sensing applications for landslide research in China,including four aspects:① application of remote sensing in landslide inventory;② application of remote sensing in large-scale landslide study;③ application of remote sensing technology in landslide monitoring;④ application of remote-sensing in hazard risk assessment.With the gradual perfection of remote sensing technology theory,and the gradual improving of spatial resolution,time resolution and spectrum resolution of remote sensing imagery,the remote sensing technology has become one of the most important means to carry out landslide inventory,dynamic monitoring,early warning,and damage evaluation.

(State Key Laboratory of Geo-Hazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection,Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu 610059,China)

中国滑坡遥感研究与应用已有30多年的发展历史,作为滑坡调查的主要手段在大型工程建设中的滑坡灾害调查及危险性评价中发挥了重要作用。从4方面阐述了遥感技术在我国滑坡研究中的应用：① 区域滑坡灾害遥感调查;② 大型单体滑坡遥感调查;③ 滑坡灾害遥感监测;④ 遥感应用于滑坡风险评估。随着遥感技术理论的逐步完善和遥感图像空间分辨率、时间分辨率与波谱分辨率的不断提高,遥感技术已成为滑坡灾害调查、动态监测与预警、灾情实时调查与损失评估等工作中不可缺少的重要手段之一。

... 遥感技术能快速、高效地获取地表信息,在滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害调查、监测和研究中发挥了重要作用 ^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2013

0.0

童立强, 郭兆成. 典型滑坡遥感影像特征研究[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2013, 25(1): 86-92. doi: DOI: 106046/gtzyyg. 2013. 01. 16.

Tong L

, Guo Z

A study of remote sensing image features of typical land slides[J]. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2013, 25(1): 86-92. doi: DOI:10.6046/gtzyyg.2013.01.16.

The image features of landslides with different kinds of geological conditions,types and runout distances show great difference in remote sensing images with different resolutions. For long-runout landslide and complex landslide,the available interpretation keys are few, so that the identification of landslide mainly relies on ground survey. On the basis of the achievements of landslide remote sensing investigation obtained both in China and abroad and the remote sensing investigation projects for geological hazards, the authors analyzed the remote sensing image features of typical landslides,including Daqingkan Landslide,Qianjiangping Landslide,Wulong Landslide and 102 landslide group in Tibetan region. Then,the interpretation keys to landslides,especially to the high-speed and long-runout landslides, were summarized for colleagues'reference.

China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources, Beijing 100083, China

对于不同地质条件、成因类型和运动距离的滑坡,在不同分辨率遥感图像上显示的影像特征往往存在较大差别,尚难以确定统一的滑坡遥感识别标志。尤其对于规模较大、形成机理和活动规律复杂的远程滑坡和复合滑坡,一直是遥感识别的难点,可供借鉴的前人研究成果不多,目前主要还是靠地面调查。在国内外滑坡遥感调查成果调研以及国土资源大调查地质灾害遥感调查、近年来地质灾害应急遥感调查研究成果的基础上,分析和总结了笔者参与调查过的巫山大清坎滑坡、千将坪滑坡、武隆滑坡及西藏102滑坡群等典型滑坡的遥感影像特征,提出了滑坡(尤其是高速远程滑坡)的遥感识别标志,以期与同行专家共商榷。

... 遥感技术能快速、高效地获取地表信息,在滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害调查、监测和研究中发挥了重要作用 ^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

... 滑坡体多呈台阶状,故形成一系列近于平行展布的陡坎,滑坡体的整体纹理和色调与背景环境明显不一致^[10] ...

2013

0.0

童立强, 聂洪峰, 李建存, 等. 喜马拉雅山地区大型泥石流遥感调查与发育特征研究[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2013, 25(4): 104-112. doi: DOI: 106046/gtzyyg. 2013. 04. 17.

Tong L

, Nie H

, Li J

, et al. Survey of large-scale debris flow and study of its development characteristics using remote sensing technology in the Himalayas[J]. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2013, 25(4): 104-112. doi: DOI:10.6046/gtzyyg.2013.04.17.

The spatial distribution,development characteristics,formation conditions and development pattern of geological disasters constitute the foundation of regional disaster prevention, mitigation and dynamic monitoring. As a rapid,economic and accurate survey technology,remote sensing technology has been widely applied to geological disaster investigation. In this paper,based on the findings of the project of serious geological disasters investigation using remote sensing technology in the Himalayas of China,the authors introduced the methods of remote sensing technology for debris flow investigation in such aspects as remote sensing data and remote sensing interpretation keys. Using GIS spatial analysis methods,the authors analyzed distribution characteristics of debris flow in the study area. In addition, the information of the development characteristics of the debris flow scale,water type,shape and length,gully slope,and the direction of movement was extracted. Based on the quantitative statistic indexes of large-scale debris flow under different backgrounds of the rock group of engineering geology,geological structure,topography,land use types,vegetation cover and climate,the authors summarized the basic condition of the debris flow in this study area and its relationship with the influencing factors. The research results will provide the essential data and scientific decision-making for disaster prevention and mitigation in the Himalayas of China.

China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources, Beijing 100083, China

掌握地质灾害的空间分布、发育特征、形成条件及发育规律是区域减灾防灾与监测工作的基础和依据。作为快速、经济、准确的地质灾害调查技术,遥感技术已得到广泛应用。基于地质调查项目"喜马拉雅山地区重大地质灾害遥感调查"中泥石流的调查成果,从遥感数据源、遥感解译标志等方面介绍了泥石流灾害遥感调查的技术方法; 利用GIS空间分析手段,分析了研究区大型泥石流分布特征,阐述了其规模、水源类型、形态与长度和沟道比降等发育特征; 基于大型泥石流在工程地质岩组、地质构造、地形地貌、土地利用类型、植被盖度、降水量与气候等不同环境背景条件中的定量分析,总结了研究区大型泥石流发育的基本条件及其他影响因素,为西藏喜马拉雅山地区减灾防灾工作提供了基础数据和科学决策依据。

... 遥感技术能快速、高效地获取地表信息,在滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害调查、监测和研究中发挥了重要作用 ^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2014

0.0

魏永明, 魏显虎, 陈玉. 岷江流域映秀——茂县段地震次生地质灾害分布规律及发展趋势分析[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2014, 26(4): 179-186. doi: DOI: 106046/gtzyyg. 2014. 04. 28.

Wei Y

, Wei X

, Chen

Analysis of distribution regularity and development tendency of earthquake secondary geohazards in Yingxiu-Maoxian section along the Minjiang River[J]. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2014, 26(4): 179-186. doi: 0.6046/gtzyyg.2014.04.28.

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquak led to fatal secondary geological disasters in the Yingxiu-Maoxian segments along the Minjiang River. Through using multi-phase high-resolution airborne remote sensing data obtained after the earthquake in combination with interpretation signs of various geohazards, we can analyze the distribution regularity and development tendency of earthquake secondary geohazards quickly and accurately,which is of great significance in guiding reconstruction of the disaster area scientifically. The distribution regularity of secondary geohazards finds expression in the following aspects: 1 avalanche, landslide and landslide-avalanche (the transition type between the landslide and avalanche) constitute the main types, with landslide-avalanche taking up over 90%; 2 the geohazards are widely distributed on the both slopes of the Minjiang River in the Yingxiu-Maoxian segment,but their scales and intensities are much larger in the Yingxiu-Maoxian segment than in the Wenchuan-Maoxian segment. Through continuous dynamic monitoring of the secondary geohazards after the earthquake by using high-resolution aerial imagery acquired from 2009 to 2011 and in 2013, the authors have revealed that 25 earthquake-induced landslides have been stable basically, but some potential landslides(total 21)show evident signs of activity, of which the Doucu potential landslides in Maoxian and Qidiguan potential landslides in Wenchuan deserve more attention. In addition, the debris flow will be the main geohazard type in the Yingxiu-Maoxian segment along the Minjiang River in the future; in the Yingxiu-Wenchuan segment, the frequency and intensity of the debris flow are especially obvious.

Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

2008年汶川大地震引发了岷江流域映秀—茂县段极为严重的地震次生地质灾害。利用震后多期高分辨率航空遥感数据并结合解译标志，快速、准确地分析研究区灾害的分布规律及发展趋势，对科学指导灾后重建具有重要意义。次生地质灾害分布规律主要表现为： 1滑坡、崩塌及其过渡类型——崩滑为主要的次生地质灾害类型（占90%以上）； 2次生地质灾害广泛分布在岷江两岸山坡，但在映秀—汶川段的发育程度和规模比汶川—茂县段大得多。研究区次生地质灾害发展趋势分析结果表明： 1地震形成的滑坡体趋于稳定，但解译的21个潜在滑坡体中部分已出现活动迹象，其中斗簇和沏底关2个潜在滑坡群更为明显，应对其进行遥感连续动态监测； 2泥石流为研究区今后最主要的灾害类型，其中映秀—汶川段为最主要的发生地段。

... 遥感技术能快速、高效地获取地表信息,在滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害调查、监测和研究中发挥了重要作用 ^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2012

0.0

... 随着我国国产卫星技术的快速发展,国产卫星在资源、环境、测绘、海洋等领域的应用越来越重要^{[13,14,15,16]} ...

2014

0.0

路云阁, 刘采, 王姣. 基于国产卫星数据的矿山遥感监测一体化解决方案——以西藏自治区为例[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2014, 26(4): 85-90. doi: DOI: 106046/gtzyyg. 2014. 04. 14.

Lu Y

, Liu

, Wang

Integrated solutions for mine remote sensing monitoring based on domestic satellite images: A case study of Tibet[J]. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2014, 26(4): 85-90. doi: DOI:10.6046/gtzyyg.2014.04.14.

With the popularization of high resolution remote sensing data of domestic satellite in such fields as land resources, geology, and environment, domestic high-resolution remote sensing data are likely to become the preferred data source for monitoring the development status of mining areas in the near future. Using the ZY-1 02C and GF-1 images, the authors designed an integrated solution for geodatabase building of remote sensing images, image processing, geometric correction, information extraction, spatial calculation, statistical analysis, and final mapping production, and successfully applied such means to the related work in Tibet. The results achieved by the authors can increase the depth and scope of the application of the domestic satellite remote sensing data, and provide technical support and paradigms for large-scale and multi-period dynamic remote sensing monitoring of mines.

1. China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources, Beijing 100083, China; 2. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

随着高分辨率国产遥感卫星数据的推广应用，矿山遥感监测必将成为该数据的重要应用领域之一。结合西藏自治区矿山遥感监测工作的特点，以资源一号02C（ZY-1 02C）及高分一号（GF-1）卫星影像为数据源，在ArcGIS环境下，提出并实现了从国产卫星遥感数据管理、增强与校正、信息提取、统计分析以及成果图制作等一体化解决方案。该研究成果有助于推进国产卫星遥感数据在矿山遥感监测领域的应用广度和深度，为大规模开展多期次动态矿山遥感监测工作提供技术支持和应用范例。

... 随着我国国产卫星技术的快速发展,国产卫星在资源、环境、测绘、海洋等领域的应用越来越重要^{[13,14,15,16]} ...

2015

0.0

陈玲, 梁树能, 周艳, 等. 国产高分卫星数据在高海拔地区地质调查中的应用潜力分析[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2015, 27(1): 140-145. doi: DOI: 106046/gtzyyg. 2015. 01. 22.

Chen

, Liang S

, Zhou

, et al. Potential of applying domestic high-resolution remote sensing data to geological survey in high altitudes[J]. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2015, 27(1): 140-145. doi: DOI:10.6046/gtzyyg.2015.01.22.

With the launch of domestic high-resolution satellites, the application of them to regional geological survey has become an urgent task. Based on the evaluation of original image, the authors employed ZY-1 02C and GF-1 images to explore the application potential of geological survey in West Kunlun high altitudes. The research indicates that ZY-1 02C and GF-1 images can not only satisfy the requirements of large-scale geological mapping but also present good application effect in tectonic interpretation and lithological information extraction, thus showing great potential in geological survey.

1. Key Laboratory of Airborne Geophysics and Remote Sensing Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100083, China; 2. China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources, Beijing 100083, China; 3. Geological Museum of China, Beijing 100034, China

随着国产高分卫星的陆续发射,高分卫星数据在区域地质调查中的应用能力显得越来越突出。采用资源一号02C(ZY-1 02C)和高分一号(GF-1)卫星数据,在对原始数据质量进行评价的基础上,开展其在高海拔地区地质调查应用中的潜力分析。研究结果表明: ZY-1 02C和GF-1卫星数据已基本满足大比例尺地质制图的要求; 在区域构造解译和岩性信息提取方面已达到同等空间分辨率国外卫星数据的水平,在高海拔地区地质调查中有很大的应用潜力。

... 随着我国国产卫星技术的快速发展,国产卫星在资源、环境、测绘、海洋等领域的应用越来越重要^{[13,14,15,16]} ...

2015

0.0

朱利, 李云梅, 赵少华, 等. 基于GF-1号卫星WFV数据的太湖水质遥感监测[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2015, 27(1): 113-120. doi: DOI: 106046/gtzyyg. 2015. 01. 18.

Zhu

, Li Y

, Zhao S

, et al. Remote sensing monitoring of Taihu Lake water quality by using GF-1 satellite WFV data[J]. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2015, 27(1): 113-120. doi: DOI:10.6046/gtzyyg.2015.01.18.

The chlorophyll-a concentration, suspended solids concentration, transparency and eutrophication index for the Taihu Lake were obtained by using GF-1 satellite wide field of view (WFV) camera and HJ-1A satellite CCD camera data with the purpose of evaluating the GF-1 satellite's application capability in environmental monitoring. The results show that the WFV camera data, consistent with the HJ-1A inversion results, could be used to monitor the distribution of the water quality parameters including chlorophyll-a concentration, suspended solids concentration, transparency and eutrophication index. It was shown that the algal blooming areas were found in the northwest of the Taihu Lake, the chlorophyll-a concentration was the highest near the algal blooming area, and the average of chlorophyll-a concentration in the whole lake was 62.46 mg·m -3 . The suspended solids concentration was higher near the Zhusan Valley and the west coast area and decreased in the NW-SE direction, with the whole average value being 26.07mg·L -1 . The transparency decreased in the NW-SE direction in contrast to the distribution of suspended solids concentration, with the whole average value being 22.1 cm. The eutrophication index decreased southeastward, being the same as the distribution of chlorophyll-a concentration, with the whole average value being 69.62. These results are consistent with the results of the routine surveying.

1. Environmental Satellite Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100094, China; 2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Beijing 100094, China; 3. School of Geography Science, The Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China

为研究高分一号(GF-1)卫星数据监测太湖水质的可行性,基于新发射的GF-1卫星16 m分辨率的多光谱宽覆盖(wide field of view,WFV)相机和HJ-1A CCD数据,对太湖的叶绿素a、悬浮物、透明度和富营养化状况进行遥感监测,以评价GF-1 WFV相机的应用潜力。研究结果表明: GF-1 WFV与HJ-1A CCD数据对水质参数的反演结果具有一致性,可有效反映叶绿素a浓度、悬浮物浓度、透明度和富营养化指数的空间变化规律。其中,太湖西北部分布有少量水华蓝藻,在大面积蓝藻爆发区域附近,叶绿素a浓度明显高于其他区域的水体,平均浓度为62.46 mg·m -3 ; 悬浮物浓度以竺山湾及西部沿岸湖区较大,沿西北向东南方向递减,平均浓度为26.07 mg·L -1 ; 透明度整体从西北向东南递增,与悬浮物浓度的分布趋势相反,平均值为22.1 cm; 富营养化指数整体从西北向东南递减,与叶绿素浓度的分布趋势相同,平均值为69.62。遥感监测指标的结果均符合常规监测规律。

... 随着我国国产卫星技术的快速发展,国产卫星在资源、环境、测绘、海洋等领域的应用越来越重要^{[13,14,15,16]} ...

2005

0.0

... 断裂构造以NW向多期大型压剪为主要特征,NE向和近SN向断裂多属主压断裂所派生 ^[17,18] ...

2005

0.0

... 断裂构造以NW向多期大型压剪为主要特征,NE向和近SN向断裂多属主压断裂所派生 ^[17,18] ...

0.0

... 1 GF-1卫星数据GF-1卫星搭载了2台2 m分辨率全色/8 m分辨率多光谱相机和4台16 m分辨率多光谱相机^[19],其技术指标见表1 ...

... 以寒冻风化碎屑流为例,影响寒冻风化速率的主要因素是节理的密集程度,特别是有断裂带通过的地段会加速寒冻风化^[19] ...

2007

0.0

朱大岗, 孟宪刚, 邵兆刚, 等. 西藏阿里札达盆地上新世-早更新世的古植被、古环境与古气候演化[J]. 地质学报, 2007, 81(3): 295-306.

Zhu D

, Meng X

, Shao Z

, et al. Evolution of the paleovegetation, paleoenvironment and paleoclimate during pliocene-early pleistocene in Zhada Basin, Ali, Tibet[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2007, 81(3): 295-306.

本文将西藏札达盆地河湖相地层重新划分为第四系下更新统香孜组(Qp1-1x)、新近系上新统古格组(N22g)和上新统托林组(N21t)。河湖相地层的古地磁法和ESR法测年结果表明,札达盆地内河湖相沉积地层的形成时代为新近纪上新世―第四纪早更新世。根据该套河湖相地层沉积演化和其中的孢粉组合特征、河湖相沉积中所发现的各种古动植物化石等的综合分析,笔者对札达盆地上新世―早更新世的古植被、古环境与古气候演变进行了探讨。结果表明,札达地区上新世―早更新世气候经历了从湿热―温暖潮湿―偏冷潮湿―寒冷干旱的变化,以及植被从森林―灌木―草原的逐渐演化。可将札达盆地上新世―早更新世环境演化划分为7个大的阶段,其总体特征是15.4~4.4Ma,札达地区处于亚热带湿热气候环境;24.4~3.95Ma,为暖温带温暖潮湿气候;33.95~3.5Ma,为偏凉潮湿阶段,气候开始转冷;43.5~3.2Ma,为温暖潮湿阶段;53.2~2.9Ma,气候转为偏冷潮湿阶段;62.9~2.57Ma,该阶段气候偏冷而干旱,整体较为干冷;72.57~1.36Ma,气候寒冷而干旱。表明自上新世―早更新世,该区的古气候环境在逐渐变干、变冷的总趋势上,经历了多次明显的冷暖与干湿波动。

... 具有较明显的河流相沉积特征,其中昌格里赞格地区河流相沉积保留比较完整,⑦⑧⑨级河流阶地构成了区内的最高级阶地,与邻区札达盆地附近的沉积对比^[20,21],其时代应为早更新世 ...

2008

0.0

2006

0.0

郑绵平, 袁鹤然, 赵希涛, 等. 青藏高原第四纪泛湖期与古气候[J]. 地质学报, 2006, 80(2): 169-180.

Zheng M

, Yuan H

, Zhao X

, et al. The Quaternary Pan-lake(Overflow)Period and Paleoclimate on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2006, 80(2): 169-180.

对青藏高原不同位置的17个湖区进行地质调查,并结合卫星照片和地形图解译的基础上,笔者对高原泛湖区形成时间、范围和古气候进行了深入的研究。青藏高原第四纪最晚的两次高湖面(溢流面)时间约为40～30/35ka和65～53ka;在该时段高原为巨大的相互连通泛湖系所覆盖,总面积约达360000km2,湖水总体积约达53×108km3,分别较现代湖泊的总面积和总体积大38倍和659倍。在该泛湖期之前晚更新世还有3次高湖面:132～112ka、110～95ka和约91～72/83～75ka。说明青藏高原晚第四纪气候变化具有不稳定性和快速变化的特点。约40～30ka高湖面还出现在青藏高原以北腾格里沙漠,说明该时期存在特强的南亚夏季风;岁差周期20ka的太阳高辐射变化对位于地球低纬地带、高海拔地区的青藏高原有着特殊的重要性。在30ka前后,伴随青藏高原的快速抬升和古气候变冷,青藏高原周缘泛湖突然外泄,在短时间内巨量冰冷湖水倾泄入印度洋和西太平洋。该泛湖倾泄事件已造成高原周缘江、湖等环境变化。

... ^[22],邻区的班公错古湖达到最高湖面^[23] ...

2000

0.0

... ^[22],邻区的班公错古湖达到最高湖面^[23] ...

1981

0.0

... 寒冻风化碎屑流主要呈散体结构分布于我国西部高寒山区,成分以碎石及少量岩屑为主,外貌特征与大型采石场加工碎石料后的堆石特征类似,为典型的由寒冻风化引起的基岩剥蚀产物,受高山冰缘环境中的海拔、坡向、温度和降水、岩性构造及地形条件等条件制约^[24,25,26] ...

1992

0.0

刘耕年, 熊黑钢. 中国天山高山冰缘环境中的寒冻风化剥蚀作用及其影响因素[J]. 冰川冻土, 1992, 14(4): 332-341.

Liu G

, Xiong H

The denudation rate of gelifraction and its influential factors in the periglacial environment of Tianshan mountains(in China)[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1992, 14(4): 332-341.

The gelifraction created debris along the two highways, which pass through the Tianshan Mountains, offers possibility to measure and estimate the frost denudation rate and its main influential factors. The mean rate of gelifraction denudation at Yuximolegai Pass (3 280-3428m above sea level) is 0. 0115 m/a. The mean rate of gelifraction denudation at Haxilegen Pass (3 385-3 510 m) and Bindaban Pass (3 589-4010 m) is 0.0014 m/a and 0.00018 m/a, respectively. The main influential factors are altitude, aspect, temperature and precipitation, lithological characters and structure and relief.

1. Department of Geography, Peking University; 2. Department of Geography, Xinjiang University

通过量测天山高山冰缘环境中崩落在公路上的寒冻风化碎屑,给出寒冻风化剥蚀速率及其主要影响因素。玉希莫勒盖达坂寒冻风化剥蚀率平均为0.0115m/a,哈希勒根达坂的平均剥蚀率是0.0014m/a,冰达坂的平均剥蚀率是0.0018m/a。对寒冻风化作用的主要影响因素有海拔、坡向、温度和降水、岩性构造及地形条件等。

2011

0.0

王启国, 张良平. 西藏中波河段大型碎屑流成因机制及防治对策[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2011, 30(11): 2293-2302.

Wang Q

, Zhang L

Formation mechanism and preventive countermeasure of large-scale frost weathering debris flow on Zhongbo reach of Yuqu river in Tibet[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2011, 30(11): 2293-2302.

There are a kind of special geological hazard body as namely as frost weathering debris flow in cold mountains in western China. When the projects are built on the accumulation body with large volume or nearby it，it will have great effect on the projects. Taking the five large-scale debris flow accumulation bodies developed along Zhongbo reach of Yuqu River in Tibet as the study objects，we consider that the frost weathering debris flow is a bedrock denudation phenomenon based on engineering geological mapping，analysis of areal geology and collecting of meteorological data，and so on. Its formation is closely related to the particular climate，topography，lithology，structure and earthquake，and so on. and it is gradually accumulated through a few hundred thousand to a few million years. By considering the characteristics of the debris flows accumulation body such as big scale，distribution in groups，bad stability，continuous falling of blocks in the source area，the preventive measures including avoiding and monitoring in some large-scale projects such as Yunnan—Tibet Railway and Zhongbo Hydropower Station are investigated. The results can provide technical support for the project construction and reference for the similar projects.

(Changjiang Geotechnical Engineering Corporation，Changjiang Institute of Survey，Planning，Design and Research， Wuhan，Hubei 430010，China)

我国西部高寒山区发育一种特殊的地质灾害体——寒冻风化碎屑流。在规模较大的堆积体及其邻近区域开展工程建设时，对工程影响较大。以西藏玉曲河中波河段发育的5处大型碎屑流堆积体为研究对象，基于工程地质测绘、区域地质分析、气象资料收集等工作，认为寒冻风化碎屑流是一种基岩剥蚀现象，其形成与特殊的气候、地形、岩性、构造和地震等条件密切相关，是经过几十万年甚至上百万年历史逐渐堆积而成的。结合碎屑堆积体规模大、分布成群、稳定性差、物源区岩块不断崩落等特点，探讨研究区重大工程项目(滇藏铁路、中波水电站等)宜采取的防治措施(如避让、监测等)。研究结果为辖区工程建设提供技术依据，对类似工程提供技术参考。

0.0

... 2 地质构造条件地质灾害的形成和分布主要受地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、新构造活动、水文地质条件、地震以及气候、人类活动等因素制约^[27,28] ...

2000

0.0

张春山, 张业成, 胡景江, 等. 中国地质灾害时空分布特征与形成条件[J]. 第四纪研究, 2000, 20(6): 559-564.

Zhang C

, Zhang Y

, Hu J

, et al. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and forming conditions of Chinese geological disasters[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2000, 20(6): 559-564.

China is one of the few countries with the highest level of geological disasters in the world. Geological disasters which occurred in China are characterized by various kinds, widespread distribution and high frequency. The geological disasters not only threaten the lives and property of humankind, but also make heavy damages to our environment and resources which pose profound impacts on our society and economy. According to rough statistics there were more than 50000 times of geological disasters in our country from 1949 to 1998, of which there were 2000 heavy geological disasters that caused the death of dozens of people and over ten million RMB economic losses. Totally, the geological disasters have resulted in several hundred thousands of people dying and dozens of million houses demolished. Owing to the influence of various factors such as climate, topograghy, geological structure and social conditions, geological disasters of different regions diversified in the type, intensity and damaging degree. The whole country can be divided into two big regions, namely, eastern region and western region, both of them can also be divided into a few subregions. Western region is made up of high mountains, plateaus and big continental basins with arid climate and few people living in, and the dominant disasters are earthquake, desertification, freezing-thawing, debris-flows and water-soil erosion. Although geological disasters distribute very extensively and occur very frequently, direct damage to people and property is of low extent for its single type of disaster and rare density of people and economy. Eastern region is made up of coastal plains, low mountains and transitional mountains, where climate oscillates tempestuously between the period of cooling and warming while precipitation fluctuates between abundance and shortage with intensive practice of mankind and relatively severe geological disasters. Because of high density of people and economy, and because most cities, corporations and major projects of our country locate in this region, the geological disasters will cause huge losses to our economy and great damages to our environment and resources. There are severe geological disasters in Taiwan, Huanghuai plain, Loess Plateau, Sichuan-Yunnan mountain and Liaodong peninsula. The activities of geological disasters are cyclic irregular and progressive. Most geological disasters appear to be more severe gradually in their fluctuations of magnitude. In the future, earthquake in our country is still in its active period, hence earthquake will be more intensive and become more powerful in western region, and it is possible that severe earthquakes will occur in eastern region. The collapse, landslide and debris-flow will also tend to be more severe in their fluctuations. From the viewpoint of sustainable development, the prevention and mitigation of geological disasters are a piece of long-term and formidable task. It is necessary to exploit resources in a large scale and build all kinds of projects, while it is continuing progress of the western development in China, and the economic rapidly increasing, population enlarging, cities and industries more developed.Then, the capability of natural environment is tending to be weak. It is increasing on the scale, frequency, damages and losses of the geological disasters. Therefore, man must investigate and survey before exploiting resources and acting all kinds of economic actions. We must consider our actions from sustainable development, not only for ourselves but also for our children. We must leave a space for our children so that they can live well.

The 562 Comprehensive Institute, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Sanhe 065201

中国地质灾害种类多、分布广、频次高、强度大、灾情严重。在气候、地形、地质构造和社会条件等多种因素影响下, 不同地区地质灾害的种类、强度和破坏程度差异巨大, 全国可分为东部和西部两大灾害区, 两大灾害区又可进一步划分为12个亚区。地质灾害活动具有不规则准周期性和累进性特点。多数地质灾害在强弱变化中显示不断增强的趋势。从可持续发展高度来说, 防治地质灾害是一项长期而又艰巨的任务。

2010

0.0

刘春玲, 祁生文, 童立强, 等. 喜马拉雅山地区重大滑坡灾害及其与地层岩性的关系研究[J]. 工程地质学报, 2010, 18(5): 669-676.

Liu C

, Qi S

, Tong L

, et al. Great land slides in Himalaya mountain area and their occurrence with lithology[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2010, 18(5): 669-676.

The Himalayan region,locating in the south of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,is characterized with the fastest uplifting and actively dynamic motion.This area is one of the worst landslides hit areas in China.The serious landslide disasters have brought great harm to the national economic and social development.With the aid of imagery interpretation and field investigation,the paper studies the distribution of the serious landslide disaster and its relationship with lithology,and divides the lithology in the region into 13 engineering geology rock groups as follows: loose rock group,soft rock group,soft rock mixed with secondary soft rock group,soft rock mixed with secondary hard rock group,secondary soft rock group,secondary soft rock mixed with soft rock,secondary soft rock mixed with secondary hard rock group,secondary soft rock mixed with hard rock group,double-layer with secondary hard rock and secondary soft rock group,secondary hard rock mixed with soft rock group,secondary hard rock mixed with secondary soft rock group,secondary hard rock group,hard rock group.Then the paper concludes that the great landslides prompt to occur in the soft rock group,secondary hard rock mixed with secondary soft rock group and hard rock group; however there is few great landslides occurred in the soft rock mixed with secondary soft rock group,secondary soft rock mixed with secondary hard rock group.The distribution characteristics of the great landslides have indicated the complicated relationship between the formation lithology and occurrence of the great landslides: on the one hand,the soft rock area is too weak to slide,on the other hand,the steep and high area dominated with hard rock often tend to slide.

①China Aerogeophysics and Remote Sensing Centre,Beijing 100083; ②Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029

位于青藏高原南部的喜马拉雅山地区,是高原隆升最快的地方,这里内外动力作用异常活跃,是我国重大滑坡灾害最严重的地区之一,重大滑坡灾害对国民经济和社会发展带来了极大危害。本文在对研究区的地质、地理背景进行了详细分析的基础上,利用遥感解译和实地调查相结合的手段,研究了该区重大滑坡灾害的分布及其与地层岩性的关系,将本区地层岩性大致划分为13个工程地质岩组:松散岩组、软弱岩组、软弱岩夹较软弱岩组、软弱岩夹较坚硬岩组、较软弱岩组、较软弱岩夹软弱岩组、较软弱岩夹较坚硬岩组、较软弱岩夹坚硬岩组、较坚硬岩与软弱岩互层岩组、较坚硬岩夹软弱岩岩组、较坚硬岩夹较软弱岩组、较坚硬岩组、坚硬岩组,发现重大滑坡更容易发生在软弱岩组、较硬岩夹较软弱岩组以及坚硬岩组中,而软弱岩夹较软弱岩组、较软弱岩夹较坚硬岩组中无重大滑坡灾害分布。重大滑坡灾害的上述分布特征,反映出地层岩性与重大滑坡灾害之间的复杂关系,一方面岩性软弱,比较容易发生滑坡灾害; 另一方面,岩性越坚硬,地形越高陡,也容易发生重大滑坡灾害。

... 薄相间,多具软弱夹层,且岩层间多以规模不等的片理化带为界,各岩性层片理发育,在寒冻风化、降水、雪融作用以及上覆重物的作用下极易发育成滑动面,从而发生地质灾害^[29] ...

2004

0.0

彭建兵, 马润勇, 卢全中, 等. 青藏高原隆升的地质灾害效应[J]. 地球科学进展, 2004, 19(3): 457-466.

Peng J

, Ma R

, Lu Q

, et al. Geological hazards effects of uplift of Qinghai-Tibet plateau[J]. Advance in Earth Sciences, 2004, 19(3): 457-466.

Based onthe feature of continuity and stage accelerationof Qinghai-Tibet Plateau uplift, overall uplift process is divided into four stagesand fifteen uplift-episodes, namely Himalayan tectonic movement(six accelerate-uplift episodes)-progressive compressing-uplifting stage, “Qinghai-Tibet” tectonic movement(three accelerate-uplift episodes)-the adjustment on tectonic deformation and fault-kinematics, “Kunlun-Yellow river” tectonic movement(three accelerate-uplift episodes)-the geomorphologic-shaping period, “Gonghe” tectonic movement(three accelerate-uplift episodes) high development period of geological hazards. Owing to the strong uplift of Qinghai-Tibet plateau, the plateau eventually turn into one of region that the geological hazards are most severe in China. Especially the drainage area of upper reaches of Yellow River in northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau , the drainage area of upper reaches of Yangtse river, lower reaches of Brahmaputra in southern Tibet and the upper reaches of Nujiang river, Lancangjiang river and Jinshajiang river in southeastern Tibet, are centralized areas that geological hazards occur, in which the earthquakes, rockfalls, landslides and mudflows are most typical, severe, and mostly hazards in human modern engineering activity and living environment.

College of Geological Engineering and Geometry , Chang’an University，Xi’an 710054，China

根据青藏高原隆升具有持续性和阶段性加速的特征，将其整个隆升过程分为 4个隆升阶段 15个隆升幕，即喜马拉雅运动（6个加速隆升幕）---递进式压缩隆升阶段；青藏运动（3个加速隆升幕）---构造变形、断裂运动性质调整阶段；昆黄运动（3个加速隆升幕）---高原造貌主阶段；共和运动阶段（3个加速隆升幕）---地质灾害高发期。由于青藏高原的强烈隆升，最终使其成为我国地质灾害最为严重的地区之一。尤其是青藏高原周缘西北部的黄河上游流域、东南部的长江上游流域、西藏南部的雅鲁藏布江下游区及其东南部的"三江地区"，成为地质灾害事件集中发生的区域，其中的地震、崩滑流、断裂活动等地质灾害效应最为强烈，成为影响现代人类工程活动和生存环境的主要灾害。

... 研究区由于青藏高原的强烈隆升,其周缘地区构造变形十分强烈,加之气候环境特殊,成为地质灾害事件集中发生的区域^[30] ...

2000

0.0

... 区内的地貌特征反映了地壳上升、河流下切的运动过程,以本区河流相沉积为例,多级河流阶地所组成的层状地貌就是新构造运动最近时期的产物,反映了地壳的间歇性垂向运动特征,是高原地面抬升的直接证据^[31] ...

1996

0.0

... 15 Ma (共和运动^[32])以来该区又进入了强烈的隆升时期 ...