Application status and prospect of remote sensing technology in precise planting management of apple orchards
ZHAO Hailan1,2(), MENG Jihua1(), JI Yunpeng3
1. Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3. Shaanxi Fruit Industry Group Company Limited, Xi’an 710016, China
With the trend towards the precise and digital planting management of orchards, apple cultivation relies more heavily on the planting management supporting technologies of orchards. In recent years, continuous breakthroughs made in spatial resolution and revisiting frequency have made remote sensing technology a major supporting technology for the precise planting management of apple orchards. However, there is an absence of reviews of the application status and prospect of this technology in the planting management of orchards. Based on the analysis of primary applications of remote sensing technology in the precise planting management of apple orchards, this study classified the applications into three major categories, namely the surveys of basic orchard information, inversions of orchard parameters, and the planting management support of orchards. Furthermore, this study reviewed the methods and performance of the applications of remote sensing technology in various fields and explored the application potential. Finally, it identified three types of problems with current research and application of remote sensing technology, namely insufficient studies on mechanisms and in some application fields, low-degree integration of multiple technologies, and the lack of large-scale application models. In addition, this study proposed four hot research and application topics in the future, namely models used to simulate the growth mechanisms of apple trees, the integrated support system for the planting management of apple trees, the single-tree monitoring based on satellite data, and the diversified services of remote sensing-based monitoring products.
赵海岚, 蒙继华, 纪云鹏. 遥感技术在苹果园精准种植管理中的应用现状及展望[J]. 自然资源遥感, 2023, 35(2): 1-15.
ZHAO Hailan, MENG Jihua, JI Yunpeng. Application status and prospect of remote sensing technology in precise planting management of apple orchards. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2023, 35(2): 1-15.
Zhu Y, Yang G, Yang H, et al. Identification of apple orchard planting year based on spatiotemporally fused satellite images and clustering analysis of foliage phenophase[J]. Remote Sensing, 2020, 12(7):1199.
doi: 10.3390/rs12071199
[2]
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT production database[DB/OL].[2021-7-16]. http://www.fao.org/faostat/zh/#data/QC.
[3]
Wang N, Joost W, Zhang F. Towards sustainable intensification of apple production in China-yield gaps and nutrient use efficiency in apple farming systems[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2016, 15(4):716-725.
doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(15)61099-1
[4]
Zhai H, Guo L, Yao Y, et al. Review of the Chinese apple industry[J]. Acta Horticulturae, 2008, 772:191-194.
[5]
Zhu Y, Yang G, Yang H, et al. Estimation of apple flowering frost loss for fruit yield based on gridded meteorological and remote sensing data in Luochuan,Shaanxi Province,China[J]. Remote Sensing, 2021, 13(9):1630-1647.
doi: 10.3390/rs13091630
[6]
Nagy A, Tamas J. Noninvasive water stress assessment methods in orchards[J]. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2013, 44(1-4):366-376.
doi: 10.1080/00103624.2013.742308
Zhang Y, Xie Y S, Hao M D, et al. Characteristics and evolution of soil nutrients in apple orchards at the gully region of Loess Plateau[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2010, 16(5):1170-1175.
[8]
Skoneczny H, Kubiak K, Spiralski M, et al. Fire blight disease detection for apple trees:Hyperspectral analysis of healthy,infected and dry leaves[J]. Remote Sensing, 2020, 12(13):2101-2116.
doi: 10.3390/rs12132101
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Data query[DB/OL].[2022-3-16]. http://zdscxx.moa.gov.cn:8080/nyb/pc/search.jsp.
Zhang M, Zhang X, Hu G C, et al. Applicability analysis of remote sensing based drought indices in drought monitoring of apple in Luo-chuan[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2021, 36(1):187-197.
[11]
Li C, Zhu X, Wei Y, et al. Estimating apple tree canopy chlorophyll content based on Sentinel-2A remote sensing imaging[J]. Scientific Reports, 2018, 8:3756.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21963-0
pmid: 29491437
[12]
Chen B, Xiao X, Wu Z, et al. Identifying establishment year and pre-conversion land cover of rubber plantations on Hainan Island,China using Landsat data during 1987—2015[J]. Remote Sensing, 2018, 10(8):1240.
doi: 10.3390/rs10081240
Chen Y Y, You J, Xing Z F, et al. Review of precision agriculture development situations in the main countries in the world and suggestions for China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2021, 37(11):315-324.
[14]
Elijah O, Rahman T A, Orikumhi I, et al. An overview of internet of things (IoT) and data analytics in agriculture:Benefits and challenges[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2018, 5(5):3758-3773.
doi: 10.1109/JIoT.6488907
[15]
Panda S S, Hoogenboom G, Paz J O. Remote sensing and geospatial technological applications for site-specific management of fruit and nut crops:A review[J]. Remote Sensing, 2010, 2(8):1973-1997.
doi: 10.3390/rs2081973
[16]
Odi-Lara M, Campos I, Neale C M U, et al. Estimating evapotranspiration of an apple orchard using a remote sensing-based soil water balance[J]. Remote Sensing, 2016, 8(3):253-272.
doi: 10.3390/rs8030253
Cheng Z Q, Meng J H. Research advances and perspectives on crop yield estimation models[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2015, 23(4):402-415.
[18]
Mu Q, Zhao M, Running S W. Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2011, 115(8):1781-1800.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.019
[19]
Qiao C, Sun R, Xu Z, et al. A study of shelterbelt transpiration and cropland evapotranspiration in an irrigated area in the middle reaches of the Heihe River in northwestern China[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2015, 12(2):369-373.
doi: 10.1109/LGRS.2014.2342219
[20]
Bai X, Li Z, Li W, et al. Comparison of machine-learning and CASA models for predicting apple fruit yields from time-series planet imageries[J]. Remote Sensing, 2021, 13(16):3073.
doi: 10.3390/rs13163073
Rao X Y, Wu J W, Li C P, et al. Design and research on “space-air-ground” integrated monitoring system for intelligent orchard[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2021, 23(6):59-66.
doi: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.1038
Liu H Q. Accelerating the digital transformation of modern agriculture by driving the agricultural modernization with precision agriculture[J]. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 2019, 40(1):1-6,73.
[23]
Bargoti S, Underwood J P. Image segmentation for fruit detection and yield estimation in apple orchards[J]. Journal of Field Robotics, 2017, 34(6):1039-1060.
doi: 10.1002/rob.2017.34.issue-6
[24]
Ampatzidis Y, Partel V. UAV-based high throughput phenotyping in citrus utilizing multispectral imaging and artificial intelligence[J]. Remote Sensing, 2019, 11(4):410.
doi: 10.3390/rs11040410
Zhang H M, Zhang G L, Zhu S N, et al. Remote sensing recognition method of grape planting regions based on U-Net[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2022, 53(4):173-182.
Wang L, Zhao G X, Zhu X C, et al. Improving retrieval accuracy of apple tree canopy reflectance at blossom stage by combining 6S radiometric correction with pixel unmixing method[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012, 28(9):96-102.
[27]
王爱. 黄土高原苹果树识别与蒸散发过程模拟[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2020.
Wang A. Apple tree identification and evapotranspiration process simulation on the Loess Plateau[D]. Yangling: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 2020.
[28]
辛群荣. 基于多时相高分影像的山区苹果园地信息提取研究[D]. 淄博: 山东理工大学, 2017.
Xin Q R. Extracting montanic apple orchard information based on multi-temporal high resolution remote sensing image[D]. Zibo: Shandong University of Technology, 2017.
[29]
Chandel A K, Khot L R, Sallato B C. Apple powdery mildew infestation detection and mapping using high-resolution visible and multispectral aerial imaging technique[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2021, 287:110228.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110228
[30]
Senthilnath J, Dokania A, Kandukuri M, et al. Detection of tomatoes using spectral-spatial methods in remotely sensed RGB images captured by UAV[J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2016, 146:16-32.
doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2015.12.003
[31]
Martin M E, Newman S D, Aber J D, et al. Determining forest species composition using high spectral resolution remote sensing data[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 1998, 65(3):249-254.
doi: 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00035-2
Guo Y F, Wu T J, Luo J C, et al. Remote sensing mapping of mountain vegetation via uncertainty-based iterative optimization[J]. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2022, 24(7):1406-1419.
Liu J L, Liao X H, Ni W J, et al. Individual tree recognition algorithm of UAV stereo imagery considering three-dimensional morphology of tree[J]. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2021, 23(10):1861-1872.
Yan W, Zhou W, Yi L L, et al. Research progress of remote sensing classification and change monitoring on forest types[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2019, 34(3):445-454.
Liu J Q. Research on apple orchards information extraction of Fufeng County based on Landsat8 remote sensing image[D]. Yangling: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 2015.
Zheng L J. Crop classification using multi-features of Chinese Gaofen-1/6 satelite remote sensing images[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Chinese Academy of Sciences), 2017.
Chen R Q, Li C C, Yang G J, et al. Extraction of crown information from individual fruit tree by UAV LiDAR[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2020, 36(22):50-59.
[38]
Solano F, Di Fazio S, Modica G. A methodology based on GEOBIA and WorldView-3 imagery to derive vegetation indices at tree crown detail in olive orchards[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2019, 83:101912.
doi: 10.1016/j.jag.2019.101912
Hu L, Zhou G M, Qiu Y, et al. Review on studying image segment algorithms of apple trees[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2015, 17(2):100-108.
doi: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2014.498
[40]
Wannasiri W, Nagai M, Honda K, et al. Extraction of mangrove biophysical parameters using airborne LiDAR[J]. Remote Sensing, 2013, 5(4):1787-1808.
doi: 10.3390/rs5041787
[41]
Ok A O, Ozdarici-Ok A. 2-D delineation of individual citrus trees from UAV-based dense photogrammetric surface models[J]. International Journal of Digital Earth, 2018, 11(6):583-608.
doi: 10.1080/17538947.2017.1337820
[42]
Wu J, Yang G, Yang H, et al. Extracting apple tree crown information from remote imagery using deep learning[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2020, 174:105504.
doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2020.105504
[43]
Sun G, Wang X, Yang H, et al. A Canopy information measurement method for modern standardized apple orchards based on UAV multimodal information[J]. Sensors, 2020, 20(10):2985.
doi: 10.3390/s20102985
Dai J J. Apple orchard extraction based on high resolution images and multi-temporal midresolution images[J]. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 2021, 43(8):140-148.
[45]
De La Fuente-Saiz D, Ortega-Farias S, Fonseca D, et al. Calibration of METRIC model to estimate energy balance over a drip-irrigated apple orchard[J]. Remote Sensing, 2017, 9(7):670.
doi: 10.3390/rs9070670
[46]
Apolo-Apolo O, Perez-Ruiz M, Martinez-Guanter J, et al. A cloud-based environment for generating yield estimation maps from apple orchards using UAV imagery and a deep learning technique[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2020, 11:1086.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01086
pmid: 32765566
[47]
Dong X, Zhang Z, Yu R, et al. Extraction of information about individual trees from high-spatial-resolution UAV-acquired images of an orchard[J]. Remote Sensing, 2020, 12(1):133-153.
doi: 10.3390/rs12010133
Shao L Q, Hou J Y, Liu J D, et al. Evaluation on apple cultivation patterns[J]. Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University (Social Science Edition), 2014, 14(5):78-83.
Tang S F, Tian Q J, Xu K J, et al. Age information retrieval of larix gmelinii forest using Sentinel-2 data[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2020, 24(12):1511-1524.
[50]
Iizuka K, Tateishi R. Estimation of CO2 sequestration by the forests in Japan by discriminating precise tree age category using remote sensing techniques[J]. Remote Sensing, 2015, 7(11):15082-15113.
doi: 10.3390/rs71115082
[51]
Rizeei H M, Shafri H Z M, Mohamoud M A, et al. Oil palm counting and age estimation from WorldView-3 imagery and LiDAR data using an integrated OBIA height model and regression analysis[J]. Journal of Sensors, 2018:2536327.
[52]
Robinson T L, Lakso A N, Lordan J, et al. Precision irrigation management of apple with an apple-specific Penman-Monteith model[J] Acta Horticulturae, 2017, 1150:245-250.
Zhang J. Design of precise irrigation control system of orchard based on Zigbee and GPRS[D]. Yangling: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 2014.
Zhang J T, Li Y, Chen X L. Precision irrigation system based on wireless sensor networks for fruit trees[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2014, 36(2):183-187.
Mao F D, Xu H B, Wang Y, et al. Planning recognition system for mobile robot in orchard based on VB/Matlab[J]. Computer Engineering, 2017, 43(12):309-314.
Wang Y, Liu B, He Y, et al. Path recognition system of orchard mobile robot[J]. Transducer and Microsystem Technologies, 2020, 39(9):69-72.
[57]
Khan S, Tufail M, Khan M T, et al. Deep-learning-based spraying area recognition system for unmanned-aerial-vehicle-based sprayers[J]. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 2021, 29(1):241-256.
doi: 10.3906/elk-2004-4
[58]
Meng Y, Su J, Song J, et al. Experimental evaluation of UAV spraying for peach trees of different shapes:Effects of operational parameters on droplet distribution[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2021, 170:105282.
doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2020.105282
[59]
Zhang J, Lin X, Liu Z, et al. Semi-automatic road tracking by template matching and distance transformation in urban areas[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2011, 32(23):8331-8347.
doi: 10.1080/01431161.2010.540587
Li C K, Zeng Q G, Fang J, et al. Road extraction in rural areas from high resolution remote sensing image using a improved full convolution network[J]. National Remote Sensing Bulletin, 2021, 25(9):1978-1988.
doi: 10.11834/jrs.20219209
[61]
Kang W C, Xiang Y M, Wang F, et al. EU-Net:An efficient fully convolutional network for building extraction from optical remote sensing images[J]. Remote Sensing, 2019, 11(23):2813.
doi: 10.3390/rs11232813
Wang Z Q, Zhou Y, Wang S X, et al. House building extraction from high-resolution remote sensing images based on IEU-Net[J]. National Remote Sensing Bulletin, 2021, 25(11):2245-2254.
doi: 10.11834/jrs.20210042
[63]
Lu L Z, Di L P, Ye Y M. A decision-tree classifier for extracting transparent plastic-mulched landcover from Landsat5 TM images[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2014, 7(11):4548-4558.
doi: 10.1109/JSTARS.4609443
[64]
Aguilar M A, Vallario A, Aguilar F J, et al. Object-based greenhouse horticultural crop identification from multi-temporal satellite imagery:A case study in Almeria,Spain[J]. Remote Sensing, 2015, 7(6):7378-7401.
doi: 10.3390/rs70607378
Tang Z X, Li M M, Wang X Q, et al. Extraction of grape greenhouses from GF-2 remote sensing images[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2020, 22(11):95-105.
Chen S J, Ma J, Li C L, et al. Data mining and retrieval of remote sensing information in raisin room based on secondary classification[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 2015, 24(3):111-120.
[67]
Zhang J, Lin X, Liu Z, et al. Semi-automatic road tracking by template matching and distance transformation in urban areas[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2011, 32(23):8331-8347.
doi: 10.1080/01431161.2010.540587
Dai J G, Wang Y, Du Y, et al. Development and prospect of road extraction method for optical remote sensing image[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2020, 24(7):804-823.
[69]
Maboudi M, Amini J, Hahn M, et al. Road network extraction from VHR satellite images using context aware object feature integration and tensor voting[J]. Remote Sensing, 2016, 8(8):637.
doi: 10.3390/rs8080637
[70]
Grinias I, Panagiotakis C, Tziritas G. MRF-based segmentation and unsupervised classification for building and road detection in peri-urban areas of high-resolution satellite images[J]. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2016, 122:145-166.
doi: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.10.010
Gu Z M, Jin X B, Yang X Y, et al. Monitoring roads and canals utilization condition for land consolidation project based on UAV remote sensing image[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2018, 34(23):85-93.
[72]
Stefas N, Bayram H, Isler V. Vision-based monitoring of orchards with UAVs[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2019, 163:104814.
doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2019.05.023
Meng J H, Cheng Z Q, Wang Y M. Simulating soil available nutrients by a new method based on WOFOST model and remote sensing assimilation[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2018, 22(4):546-558.
He S, Sun Y Y, Shen Z Q, et al. Advances in coupling big data technique with nutrient site-specific management:Scheme,metho-ds and outlook[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2017, 23(6):1514-1524.
[75]
Liu Z, Guo P, Liu H, et al. Gradient boosting estimation of the leaf area index of apple orchards in UAV remote sensing[J]. Remote Sensing, 2021, 13(16):3263.
doi: 10.3390/rs13163263
Zhang X H. The remote sensing monitoring of apple leaves physiological and biochemical parameters and nutrient[D]. Yangling: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 2015.
[77]
Perry E M, Davenport J R. Spectral and spatial differences in response of vegetation indices to nitrogen treatments on apple[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2007, 59(1-2):56-65.
doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2007.05.002
[78]
曹淑静. 基于GF-1卫星影像的苹果树冠层氮素含量反演[D]. 泰安: 山东农业大学, 2019.
Cao S J. Inversion of nitrogen content in apple trees canopy based on GF-1 satellite image[D]. Taian: Shandong Agricultural University, 2019.
Li M X, Zhu X C, Bai X Y, et al. Remote sensing inversion of nitrogen content in apple canopy based on shadow removal in UAV multi-spectral remote sensing images[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(10):2084-2094.
doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.10.005
[80]
Gomez-Candon D, Torres-Sanchez J, Labbe S, et al. Water stress assessment at tree scale:High-resolution thermal UAV imagery acquisition and processing[J]. Acta Horticulturae, 2017, 1150:159-166.
[81]
Zeggada A, Stella A, Caliendo G, et al. Leaf development index estimation using UAV imagery for fighting apple scab[EB/OL].[2021-10-12]. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8128336.
Guo X Y. Quantitative inversion of apple canopy parameters based on HJ-1A-HSI data and PROSAIL model[D]. Taian: Shandong Agricultural University, 2019.
He Y, Peng J Y, Liu F, et al. Critical review of fast detection of crop nutrient and physiological information with spectral and imaging technology[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015, 31(3):174-189.
Gao L L. Inversion of the apple tree canopy chlorophyll contents in hilly region based on remote sensing data[D]. Taian: Shandong Agricultural University, 2017.
Wang L, Zhao G X, Zhu X C, et al. Satellite remote sensing retrieval of canopy nitrogen nutritional status of apple trees at blossom stage[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2013, 24(10):2863-2870.
Wang L. Satellite remote sensing retrieval of nitrogen and phosphorous nutritional status in apple tree leaves/canopies at blossom stage[D]. Taian: Shandong Agricultural University, 2012.
Song X L, Wu P T, Zhao X N, et al. Distribution characteristic of soil moisture and roots in rain-fed old apple orchards with water-fertilizer pit on the Loess Plateau[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016, 32(7):121-128.
Zhao Z P, Tong Y N, Liu F, et al. Effects of different long-term fertilization patterns on Fuji apple yield,quality,and soil fertility on Weibei dryland,Shaanxi Province of Northwest China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2013, 24(11):3091-3098.
Gao Z Q, Zhao C X, Cheng J J, et al. Tree structure and 3-D distribution of radiation in canopy of apple trees with different canopy structures in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2012, 20(1):63-68.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00063
Tang Y W, Wu T, Lu X, et al. Model simulation and evaluation of photosynthetic responses of apple leaves of dwarf rootstocks and corresponding interstocks to light and CO2[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 2021, 30(12):1812-1823.
Cai J B, Xu D, Si N, et al. Real-time monitoring system of crop canopy temperature and soil moisture for irrigation decision-making[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2015, 46(12):133-139.
[94]
Das N N, Mohanty B P, Cosh M H, et al. Modeling and assimilation of root zone soil moisture using remote sensing observations in walnut gulch watershed during Smex04[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2008, 112(2):415-429.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2006.10.027
[95]
Rubio M A, Lopez G, Tovar J, et al. The use of satellite measurements to estimate photosynthetically active radiation[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 2005, 30(1-3):159-164.
Yu W D, Zhang Y J, Zheng S Q. Estimation of soil moisture based on crop water stress index[J]. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2015, 27(3):77-83.doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2015.03.14.
doi: 10.6046/gtzyyg.2015.03.14
Wang X F, Meng J H. Research progress and prospect on soil nutrients monitoring with remote sensing[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2015, 30(6):1033-1041.
[99]
Lu P, Wang L, Niu Z, et al. Prediction of soil properties using laboratory VIS-NIR spectroscopy and Hyperion imagery[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2013, 132:26-33.
doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.04.003
Dong T F, Meng J H, Wu B F, et al. Overview on the estimation of photosynthetically active radiation[J]. Progress in Geography, 2011, 30(9):1125-1134.
doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.09.007
[101]
Alados I, Olmo F J, Foyo-Moreno I, et al. Estimation of photosynthetically active radiation under cloudy conditions[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2000, 102(1):39-50.
doi: 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00091-5
[102]
Van Laake P E, Sanchez-Azofeifa G A. Simplified atmospheric radiative transfer modelling for estimating incident par using MODIS atmosphere products[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2004, 91(1):98-113.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2004.03.002
[103]
Van Laake P E, Sanchez-Azofeifa G A. Mapping PAR using MODIS atmosphere products[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2005, 94(4):554-563.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2004.11.011
Zou W T, Wu B F, Zhang M, et al. Synthetic method for crop condition analysis:A case study in India[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2015, 19(4):539-549.
Hu R M, Wei M, Jing X, et al. Research for extracting method of apple leaf ill spots based on hyperspectral image[J]. Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2012, 40(8):95-99.
[106]
陈澜. 基于高光谱遥感的苹果生化参数估算模型研究[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2020.
Chen L. Study on the estimation model of apple biochemical parameters based on hyperspectral remote sensing[D]. Yangling: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 2020.
Meng J H, Du X, Zhang M, et al. Integrating crop phenophase information in large-area crop condition evaluation with remote sensing[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2014, 29(2):278-285.
[108]
Meng S, Zhong Y, Luo C, et al. Optimal temporal window selection for winter wheat and rapeseed mapping with Sentinel-2 images:A case study of Zhongxiang in China[J]. Remote Sensing, 2020, 12(2):226.
doi: 10.3390/rs12020226
Shi Z, Liang Z Z, Yang Y Y, et al. Status and prospect of agricultural remote sensing[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2015, 46(2):247-260.
[110]
Yang C. Remote sensing and precision agriculture technologies for crop disease detection and management with a practical application example[J]. Engineering, 2020, 6(5):528-32.
doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.10.015
[111]
万祖毅. 基于无人机遥感的柑橘果树信息提取及应用研究[D]. 重庆: 西南大学, 2020.
Wan Z Y. Extraction and application of citrus fruit tree information based on UAV remote sensing[D]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2020.
Zhang L, Hou Y Y, Zheng C L, et al. The Construction an application index to crop growing condition[J]. Journal of Applied Meteo-rological Science, 2019, 30(5):543-554.
Liu F, Li C J, Dong Y Y, et al. Monitoring crop growth based on assimilation of remote sensing data and crop simulation model[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2011, 27(10):101-106.
Gao Z Q, Wei Q P, Wang X W, et al. Advances in mathematical simulation of photosynthesis in fruit tree[J]. Journal of Fruit Science, 2003(5):338-344.
[115]
Darbyshire R, Farrera I, Martinez-Luscher J, et al. A global evaluation of apple flowering phenology models for climate adaptation[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2017, 240:67-77.
[116]
Costes E, Regnard J L, Sinoquet H, et al. Estimating transpiration of apple tree branches from leaf stomatal conductance measurements:A first assessment of RATP model on apple trees[EB/OL].[2021-10-12]. https://www.actahort.org/books/584/584_10.htm.
Shao Z E, Zhao X N, Gao X D, et al. Assessing ecosystem services in apple orchard in the Loess Plateau based on STICS model[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2021, 41(6):2212-2224.
Zhang L N, Li J, Fan P, et al. Water productivity of apple orchards with different planting densities in semi-arid mountainous regions of Loess Plateau,Northwest China:A simulation study[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2013, 24(10):2878-2887.
Wu D R, Huo Z G, Wang P J, et al. The applicability of mechanism phenology models to simulating apple flowering date in Shaanxi Province[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2019, 30(5):555-564.
Song A L. Water-saving irrigation scheduling of mountain apples in Northern Shaanxi:A case study of Suide County[J]. Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering, 2021, 32(3):219-224.
[121]
Fernandez J E, Cuevas M V. Irrigation scheduling from stem diameter variations:A review[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2010, 150(2):135-151.
doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.11.006
[122]
Acevedo-Opazo C, Tisseyre B, Guillaume S, et al. The potential of high spatial resolution information to define within-vineyard zones related to vine water status[J]. Precision Agriculture, 2008, 9(5):285-302.
doi: 10.1007/s11119-008-9073-1
[123]
De La Fuente-Sáiz D, Ortega-Farias S, Ortega-Salazar S, et al. Estimation of water requirements for a drip-irrigated apple orchard using Landsat7 satellite images[J]. Acta Horticulturae, 2017, 1150:181-188.
[124]
Virlet N, Gomez-Candon D, Lebourgeois V, et al. Contribution of high-resolution remotely sensed thermal-infrared imagery to high-throughput field phenotyping of an apple progeny submitted to water constraints[EB/OL].[2021-10-12]. https://www.actahort.org/books/1127/1127_38.htm.
Zhou T, Peng Z Q, Xin X Z, et al. Remote sensing research of evapo-transpiration over heterogeneous surfaces:A review[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2016, 20(2):257-277.
[126]
Gómez-Candón D, Virlet N, Labbe S, et al. Field phenotyping of water stress at tree scale by UAV-sensed imagery:New insights for thermal acquisition and calibration[J]. Precision Agriculture, 2016, 17(6):786-800.
doi: 10.1007/s11119-016-9449-6
[127]
Virlet N, Lebourgeois V, Martinez S, et al. Stress indicators based on airborne thermal imagery for field phenotyping a heterogeneous tree population for response to water constraints[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2014, 65(18):5429-5442.
doi: 10.1093/jxb/eru309
pmid: 25080086
[128]
Ortega-Farias S, Lopez-Olivari R. Validation of a two-layer model to estimate latent heat flux and evapotranspiration in a drip-irrigated olive orchard[J]. Transactions of the Asabe, 2012, 55(4):1169-1178.
doi: 10.13031/2013.42237
[129]
Isberie C, Labbe S, Jolivot A, et al. Some contributions of remote sensing for orchard irrigation scheduling resulting from the Telerieg research program in the south-west of France[EB/OL].[2021-10-12]. https://www.actahort.org/books/1038/1038_30.htm.
Xu M. Research on soil nutrient characteristics and fertilization management of Fuji apple orchards in Weibei Plateau[D]. Yangling: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 2015.
Zhu X C, Zhao G X, Dong F, et al. Monitoring models for phosphorus content of apple flowers based on hyperspectrum[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2009, 20(10):2424-2430.
Zhu X C, Zhao G X, Wang L, et al. Hyperspectrum based prediction model for nitrogen content of apple flowers[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2010, 30(2):416-420.
Li B Z, Li M X, Zhou X, et al. Hyperspectral estimation models for nitrogen contents of apple leaves[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2010, 14(4):761-773.
Xing D X, Chang Q R. Research on predicting the TN,TP,TK contents of fresh fruit tree leaves by spectral analysis with Red Fuji apple tree as an example[J]. Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2009, 37(2):141-147,54.
Wang L, Zhao G X, Zhu X C, et al. Quantitative models between canopy hyperspectrum and its component features at apple tree prosperous fruit stage[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2010, 30(10):2719-2723.
[136]
Velemis D A D, Bladenopoulou S. Leaf nutrient levels of apple orchards (cv.Starkrimson) in relation to crop yield[J]. Advances in Horticultural Science, 1999, 13(4):147-150.
[137]
王玮. 丰县苹果主要病虫害防控及防治调查分析[D]. 南京: 南京农业大学, 2019.
Wang W. Investigation and analysis on prevention and control of main pests and diseases of apple in Fengxian[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2019.
[138]
Oerke E C, Froehling P, Steiner U. Thermographic assessment of scab disease on apple leaves[J]. Precision Agriculture, 2011, 12(5):699-715.
doi: 10.1007/s11119-010-9212-3
[139]
Glenn D M, Tabb A. Evaluation of five methods to measure normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in apple and citrus[J]. International Journal of Fruit Science, 2019, 19(2):191-210.
doi: 10.1080/15538362.2018.1502720
[140]
Delalieux S, Van Aardt J, Keulemans W, et al. Detection of biotic stress (venturia inaequalis) in apple trees using hyperspectral data:Non-parametric statistical approaches and physiological implications[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2007, 27(1):130-143.
doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2007.02.005
[141]
Krezhova D, Stoev A, Maneva S. Detection of biotic stress caused by apple stem grooving virus in apple trees using hyperspectral reflectance analysis[J]. Comptes Rendus De L Academie Bulgare Des Sciences, 2015, 68(2):175-182.
[142]
Riom J, Goillot C, Fabre J P. Remote-sensing of matsucoccus-feytaudi duc (coccoidea,margarodidae) attacks in the maritime pine forests of Southeastern France,using trichromatic microdensito-metry on irc films[J]. Annales Des Sciences Forestieres, 1979, 36(4):299-320.
doi: 10.1051/forest/19790403
Zhang J C, Yuan L, Wang J H, et al. Research progress of crop diseases and pests monitoring based on remote sensing[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012, 28(20):1-11.
Huang W J, Liu L Y, Dong Y Y, et al. Research advances on monitoring crop diseases and insect pests based on remote sensing technology[J]. Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2018, 38(9):39-45.
[145]
邢东兴. 基于高光谱数据的果树理化性状信息提取研究[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2009.
Xing D X. Resenarch on extraction of the information of physical and chemical properties of fruit trees based on spectral reflectanch data[D]. Yangling: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 2009.