The coastal lowland between the Holocene transgression extreme and present coastline is prograded by several river deltas: the Luanhe River Delta, old Yongding River-old Chaobai River Delta, old Ziya River-old Daqing River Delta, Haihe River Delta, Huanghe(Yellow) River Delta and Weihe River-Mihe River Delta. The change of the coastline is controlled by evolution of these deltas: progradation in the active stage of the delta lobe or delta superlobe, retreat in the early time of the abandoned stage and then stabilization. The tremendous sediment discharge of the Huanghe River results in shifting of the delta superlobe and projection of the local coastline.

渤海西岸、南岸从全新世海侵边界至现在海岸线之间的海岸低地是7000aB.P.以来多个三角洲进积的结果。由于黄河入海泥沙数量巨大,导致下游河道频繁摆动,活动三角洲(超级叶瓣)位置多次变迁。滦河三角洲活动叶瓣位置也多次变迁。海岸线变迁受三角洲演化控制:活动期推进、废弃初期后退和之后的长期稳定,表现分片突进模式。整体来说研究区各时期海岸线表现出局部突出、局部内凹特点。在这样的三角洲群地区不可能出现近乎匀速的平推式海岸变迁。

墨西哥湾飓风促使本文作者再次反思渤海湾西岸的现状:海岸线由曲折转为平直的、以侵蚀为主的自然进程,人为活动为主因造成的潮间带变宽变缓的、以淤积为主的干扰进程,以及二者之间的交互作用。提出在海面上升、地面下沉伴随下,在淤积进程达到其顶点后、重归以侵蚀为主的自然进程的可能前景,届时的“沼泽化”威胁,将加剧目前以“封闭治理”理念为主导的防洪措施对环境的不良影响。

The Bohai Bay Coast is the most typical muddy coast in China. Through the collection and subsequent computer-processing of various sorts of data such as historical documents, topographic maps measured repeatedly in the past 130 years, air-photos, MSS, TMand ETM images for different time-phases, the authors obtained a number of results refined by information enhancement and information overlapping. Such results are helpful to reveal the shoreline migration of the area in the last century.

渤海湾是中国典型的淤泥质海岸带,应用不同时期的历史资料、地形图、航空照片及多时相的MSS、TM、ETM遥感数据,经计算机处理,进行信息增强及信息复合,提取了百年来海岸线变化信息,划分为侵蚀、淤积和稳定不同类型岸段,表明渤海湾西岸泥质海岸带近百年来已发生了"缓变型地质环境变化"中的"相对快速的变化"。

The statistical results of predicting coast change of the Yellow River abandoned delta lobe formed from 1964 to 1976 are put forward using Landsat TM imagery. The velocity of coast erosion or accumulation obtained from four different classic profiles selected were calculated and its change curves with time were plotted. The curves suggested that the regularity of the evolution of coastline after the delta lobe was abandoned is very obvious. It can be divided into three different phases: erosion phase, transition phase and cyclical change phase. The coastline change cycle located in between the two dams is 4 years and that located to west of the dams is 5 years. The analysis shows that the quasi-equilibrium line of coast is located near the coastline of 1996. The coast in the dam areas will recede 1.79 km to reach to equilibrium line. Therefore, effective measures must be taken to protect the dam. But the magnitude of evolution velocity will decrease with the elapse of time and at the same time it proved that the evolution of silty coast actually was a cyclical change process too.

利用Landsat TM卫星遥感图像，对黄河1964~1976年间形成的三角洲叶瓣自1976年废弃以后的岸线进行了识别，选取了四个典型剖面，绘制了它们的岸线蚀退或淤进平均速率曲线。结果显示，不同剖面处天然岸线的蚀退或淤进速率很有规律。根据曲线特征将其分为蚀退期，转换过渡期和周期性波动期。现废弃叶瓣已进入周期性波动期。由于受大坝影响，不同位置岸线波动周期不同，两大坝之间约为4年，大坝西侧约为5年，岸线变化准平衡线位于1996年的海岸线附近。岸线变化速率波动幅值将随着时间的延长而减小。

Based on the used degree index of land resources and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), the present situations of Chinese land use/land cover were analyzed with modeling methods. The conclusions are that the Chinese present la nd cover situation reflects the development and the used level of the Chinese l and used degree index value 202. From the limited value 400 of land used degree index, Chinese land resources have reached the half of its used limited value; i n the eastern China, the land is mainly covered with cultivated land type and th e degree of land use is high; in the western China, the land is mainly covered with unused land type and the degree of land use is low. The relations exist be tween the distribution of Chinese NDVI and the distribution of Chinese vegetatio n types. The distribution of Chinese NDVI is a reflection of the distributive co ndition of Chinese precipitation and temperature. The areas covered with agricul tural vegetation type are almostly situated in the eastern China, and the value of land used degree index is high in this area.

通过利用土地利用程度指数和植被指数等指标,采用GIS工具和数学模型方法,对中国土地利用/土地覆盖的现状进行分析,结论为：中国现有土地覆盖状况代表着中国总的土地利用程度指数为202的一种开发利用水平。从土地利用程度指数极限为400看,中国土地资源总的开发程度仅达开发极限的一半；东部湿润区以耕地型覆盖为主,开发利用程度高；西北地区以未利用土地覆盖型为主,土地利用程度低。中国植被指数值的大小分布同中国植被类型分布密切相关,其值大小分布也反映了中国水热的空间分布格局。

Land use is an important component of global environmental change research. With its dense population and developed economy, SXC region has a long history of land use. Since 1980, great changes have taken place in society and economy in SXC region, which cause the corresponding land use change. The land use change is driven by both nature and human in SXC region. Compare with the economic policy, nature factor is stable. It is clarified that the social and economic policy factors are the main driving forces of cultivated land change. Through statistics and computation analysis of the Landsat TM data of 1980, 1995 and 2000, we can conclude that: 1)GDP( x 1 ), the volume of investment in fixed assets( x 2 ),the tertiary industry rate( x 4 ),the agricultural production value( x 5 ),the forestry production value( x 6 ),the fishery production value( x 7 ),the population( x 8 ) and the urbanization rate( x 9 ) are in negative correlation with the area proportion of paddy field. The industrialized rate ( x 3 ) is in positive correlation with the area proportion of paddy field. GDP ( x 1 ), the volume of investment in fixed assets ( x 2 ), the industrialized rate ( x 3 ) and the population ( x 8 ) are in negative correlation with the area proportion of dryland. The forestry production value ( x 6 ) and the urbanization rate ( x 8 ) are in positive correlation with the area proportion of dryland; 2)GDP( x 1 ),the volume of investment in fixed assets( x 2 ),the agricultural production value( x 5 ),the forestry production value( x 6 ) and the population( x 8 ) are in positive correlation with the area proportion of forestland. The industrialized rate ( x 3 ) is in negative correlation with the area proportion of forestland; 3)GDP( x 1 ), the volume of investment in fixed assets( x 2 ),the industrialized rate( x 3 ),the tertiary industry rate( x 4 ), the year end population( x 8 ) and the fishery production value( x 7 ) are in negative correlation with the area proportion of urbanization land. GDP( x 1 ), the volume of investment in fixed assets ( x 2 ),the tertiary industry rate( x 4 ),the agricultural production value( x 5 ),the forestry production value( x 6 ),the fishery production value( x 7 ), the population( x 8 ),the urbanization rate( x 9 ) are in negative correlation with the area proportion of rural residential land. GDP( x 1 ),the volume of investment in fixed assets( x 2 ),the industrialized rate( x 3 ),the forestry production value( x 6 ),the fishery production value( x 7 ),the population( x 8 ) and the urbanization rate( x 9 ) are in positive correlation with the area proportion of other construction land;4) GDP ( x 1 ), the volume of investment in fixed assets ( x 2 ), the tertiary industry rate ( x 4 ), the forestry production value ( x 6 ) are in positive correlation with the area proportion of water.The agricultural production value ( x 5 ),the fishery production value( x 7 ),the urbanization rate ( x 9 ) are in negative correlation with the area proportion of water. GDP ( x 1 ), the volume of investment in fixed assets ( x 2 ), the industrialized rate ( x 3 ), the tertiary industry rate ( x 4 ), the fishery production value ( x 7 ), the population ( x 8 ), the urbanization rate ( x 9 ) are in negative correlation with the area proportion of virgin soil.

土地利用变化是全球生态环境变化研究的重要组成部分。苏锡常地区作为我国传统的人口密集区和土地高度集约化利用区，土地利用历史悠久。1980年以来, 苏锡常地区社会经济发生了巨大变化，从而引起土地利用/土地覆盖格局的相应变化。本文利用1980年、1995年和2000年的Landsat TM数据对苏锡常地区的土地利用情况进行测量，取得研究区土地利用变化的转移矩阵，据此对苏锡常地区1980年～2000年的土地利用变化情况进行分析，揭示土地利用变化的驱动因素，以得到耕地、林地、草地、建设用地、水域和未利用地变化的驱动因子，为协调土地资源与社会经济发展的关系、制定合理的土地资源利用体系、促进土地资源和社会经济的可持续发展提供依据。研究表明：1980年～2000年苏锡常地区土地利用变化的驱动因素受人文因素和自然因素的共同影响，但主要是受社会经济政策因素影响，自然因素具有相对稳定性。

The reseach of land use and land cover change is a core and focus point for studying on the global changes.Also the research of spatial-temporal fertures of land use/land cover change is signidicantly important for better understanding land use/lanf cover change and wnxironmental lanagement for sustainable development.In order to study the spatial-temporal changes of land use/land cover,the technologies of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System were used to analyze the spatial dynamical features and temporal dynamical features of land use,Take land use in Hubei province for example,the mathematical methodology for study on land use change was explored and developed.This research fooused on the dynamical analysis of spatial-temporal features of land use/land cover change of Hubei procince in five years,Firstly,the author made land use dynamic degree map and land use degree change map through defining the lanf ude fynamic degree index and land use degree index.The equation form of land use dynamic degree index is: where S is the dynamic degree of land use(*100);Si is the total area of the i th land use type before monitoringl dSi-j is the total area of land use type i turn to other one of land use tupe from the beginning of monitoring to end;t is the monitoring period;The equation form of land use degree change index is: Where Ia,Ib is the synthetical index of land use degree in time a and time b;Ai is the grade index of land use degree;Cia,Cib is the percentage of area for grade i land use degree in time a and b.If △Ib-a〉0，the land use is continuely developing in this region,or the land use is regressing.Secondly,the culticated land change,foretland change,grassland change and NDVI change were studied in this paper.Thirdly,the mechanism of land use change and its driving forces were discussed and the quantitative approach and track of study on land use/land cover change in China were given in this paper.

为了研究土地利用、土地覆盖的时空变化，本文在遥感技术与GIS技术的支持下，对土地利用的的时间动态特征和空间动态特征进行了定量分析。具体表现为通过数学建模，以湖北省为例，对湖北省近五年来的土地利用类型、土地利用程度、耕地状况、森林植被覆盖、城市扩展、水域湖泊状况等时空特征进行了动态分析，同时对湖北省土地利用变化的驱动机制进行了分析，为定性定量研究我国的土地利用、土地覆盖的时空演变提供了一种思路与方法。