遥感的发展极大地拓宽了人类的视野和视觉能力,以其宏观性、综合性、多尺度、多层次的特点,已成为地质研究和地质勘查不可缺少的技术手段,在地质调查、矿产勘查、地质环境评价、地质灾害监测和基础地质研究等方面都发挥了越来越大的作用。随着传感器分辨率（空间、光谱、时间、辐射）的不断提高,特别是高光谱和干涉雷达技术的发展,不仅极大地提高了遥感的观测尺度、对地物的分辨本领和识别的精细程度,而且使遥感地质发生了由宏观探测到微观探测,由定性解译到定量反演的质的飞跃,将遥感地质和应用都推向一个新的高度。本文首先简要介绍了遥感技术的发展及其意义,遥感地质找矿的原理、方法和遥感找矿模型,然后分别从岩矿波谱、遥感图像处理、多光谱蚀变异常提取、高光谱矿物识别与填图、InSAR地表形变调查与监测、遥感找矿模型、遥感地质灾害调查与监测7个方面介绍了遥感的基本原理、主要的技术方法、技术特点和技术关键、主要的应用领域,以及取得的一些研究成果和应用实例。

在收集国内外高光谱技术发展、地质应用与研究实例资料的基础上,主要介绍了国内外高光谱地质应用的现状及其主要进展,并简要介绍了高光谱地质应用的主要技术.结合地质应用成功的实例.分析了高光谱遥感卫星技术在矿物识别与填图、岩性填图、矿产资源勘探、矿业环境监测、油气渗漏监测等地学方面的应用优势与前景,同时指出了目前高光谱遥感卫星技术地质应用存在的主要问题与发展趋势.

热红外遥感是岩矿遥感信息领域起步未久,且表现出巨大潜力的技术手段.从岩矿发射率光谱、数据处理及信息提取技术方法、应用研究3个方面对热红外遥感在岩矿信息提取中的研究现状进行了全面总结,在此基础上对其发展难点及趋势进行了讨论,并对其在地质领域的应用前景进行了评估.在数据获取方面,高光谱分辨率数据是应用要求与发展趋势;数据处理方面,对大气影响进行定量评价并力求高精度的大气校正方法是难点与不可回避的问题,大气是影响数据质量的最大因素.岩矿热红外遥感信息机理(矿物发射率光谱特征与机理、光谱混合行为、光谱变异因素)的定性研究取得了一定进展,定量化的研究是发展趋势;在地质领域,因为可以对矿物种类(包括不含水矿物)及含量进行高精度提取的突出优势,不仅在矿产勘探,而且在基础地质研究方面将发挥巨大作用.

<p>合成孔径雷达(SAR)遥感以其独有的全天时、全天候观测能力和对地表的穿透性及形态探测能力,特别是现在新型成像雷达技术的发展,使之在地质学应用中具有独特的优势。结合SAR应用技术的发展阶段,即由单波段单极化到多波段多极化,再发展到现在极化测量和干涉测量阶段,综述了成像雷达遥感在地学中的应用,特别是对新型成像雷达技术(极化雷达、干涉雷达)的地学应用作了介绍。</p>

<p>针对地质应用的需求,从SAR成像原理及发展现状,阐述了雷达在地质中的应用前景,总结了SAR方法在地质研究、地质灾害监测中的应用和特点,结合近年来国内外研究人员的最新研究成果,总结了SAR在地面目标的识别与分类、InSAR在地质遥感中对地面形变、地震及地质灾害监测中的优势和特点、地质研究与应用中常用的SAR处理方法.通过合理利用雷达数据,不断改进算法和模型,就能获得更加丰富的地质、地物的表象,为地质研究提供新的信息,克服人们难以达到或者由于客观条件而造成的地区数据缺乏的困难.</p>

利用新疆北部山区雷达遥感数据,通过遥感数字图像处理与增强,生成雷达遥感假彩色合成影像应用于岩性判释。对不同岩性岩石,利用极化雷达提供的地表岩石的多种散射信息作为输入进行计算机神经网络分类,岩性识别分类的总精度为62.6%。与常规雷达数据分类对比,分类精度与岩石识别正确率均有显著提高。

<p>以ERS-2和RadarSat-1卫星雷达数据为信息源，通过新疆1∶25万大黑山幅遥感地质填图研究，从方法与应用角度分析论述了雷达图像的地质反映，总结出回波强度与地形单元和岩石之间变化规律、宏观粗糙度对回波强度的控制以及灰度-结构单元作为填图基本单位的方法技术和填图含义。</p>

The shuttle imaging radar (SIR-A) carried on the space shuttle Columbia in November 1981 penetrated the extremely dry Selima Sand Sheet, dunes, and drift sand of the eastern Sahara, revealing previously unknown buried valleys, geologic structures, and possible Stone Age occupation sites. Radar responses from bedrock and gravel surfaces beneath windblown sand several centimeters to possibly meters thick delineate sand- and alluvium-filled valleys, some nearly as wide as the Nile Valley and perhaps as old as middle Tertiary. The now-vanished major river systems that carved these large valleys probably accomplished most of the erosional stripping of this extraordinarily flat, hyperarid region. Underfit and incised dry wadis, many superimposed on the large valleys, represent erosion by intermittent running water, probably during Quaternary pluvials. Stone Age artifacts associated with soils in the alluvium suggest that areas near the wadis may have been sites of early human occupation. The presence of old drainage networks beneath the sand sheet provides a geologic explanation for the locations of many playas and present-day oases which have been centers of episodic human habitation. Radar penetration of dry sand and soils varies with the wavelength of the incident signals (24 centimeters for the SIR-A system), incidence angle, and the electrical properties of the materials, which are largely determined by moisture content. The calculated depth of radar penetration of dry sand and granules, based on laboratory measurements of the electrical properties of samples from the Selima Sand Sheet, is at least 5 meters. Recent (September 1982) field studies in Egypt verified SIR-A signal penetration depths of at least 1 meter in the Selima Sand Sheet and in drift sand and 2 or more meters in sand dunes.

An approach has been developed that involves the fit of a combination of three simple scattering mechanisms to polarimetric SAR observations. The mechanisms are canopy scatter from a cloud of randomly oriented dipoles, evenor double-bounce scatter fr...

成像雷达(SAR)遥感以其 独有的全天时、全天候观测能力和对地表的穿透性及形态探测能力,特别是现在新型成像雷达遥感技术的发展,使之在地质学应用中比光学遥感更具优势。文章结合 SAR应用技术的发展过程,即由单波段单极化到多波段多极化,再发展到现在极化测量和干涉测量阶段,综述了成像雷达遥感在地学中的应用,特别对新型成像雷 达技术(极化雷达、差分干涉雷达)在岩性分类、探测地震区域形变的地学应用作了实例介绍。

雷达遥感中地表不同岩石类别的后向散射一般差别不大, 因此以散射幅度为主要探测因子的常规雷达遥感数据不利于岩性分类。极化雷达以散射矩阵或Stokes矩阵的形式, 记录了更多的地物回波信息。信息源的增多, 有利于提高岩性分类的精度。但是, 由于不同极化状态回波信号之间的相关性, 极化数据不可避免地产生数据冗余, 反而增大了岩性分类的误差。为增强极化数据在岩性分类中的应用, 使用Colude提出的目标相关矩阵特征向量分解方法, 将岩石散射分成互相独立的 3部分:单向散射, 双向散射和交叉散射。目标分解技术降低了同一岩性岩石同极化回波之间的相关性, 更清晰地显示了不同岩石类别的散射强度差异, 显示了极化数据在岩性分类中的优势。利用1994年 10月获取的新疆北部山区SIR C极化数据, 对不同岩性岩石的目标分解数据以及线性极化后向散射强度数据进行了综合的统计分析, 建立了适合每一种岩性识别的散点图, 并将这些数据作为输入端进行神经网络分类, 分类精度最大可达 94%, 误差最小为 1.06 %。

Igneous dikes buried beneath as much as 2 m of alluvium in the Mojave Desert of California were detected by the SEASAT L-band (23.5-cm wavelength) synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) in 1978. The roughness and dihedral configuration of the dikes are favorable to generation of strong radar echos. The soil-moisture levels in 1978 were likely below the critical 1% level. The other permissive conditions for radar penetration of a fine-grained and thin alluvial cover are present. Our findings suggest that subsurface features with potential tectonic or geomorphic significance may be revealed in other orbital radar images of semiarid terrains.

The complex dielectric constant of four soils, including a sand, a silt, and two clays, was measured over the frequency range from 0.1 0103 109 Hz to 26 0103 109 Hz. The water content of the soils was varied from 0.0 g H2O/g soil to 0.15 g H2O/g soil, and the temperature from 2400°C to 2000°C. The dielectric relaxation spectrum of water in soils was found to be displaced to lower frequencies than the dielectric relaxation spectrum of water in bulk. The results showed that the relation between volumetric water content and the complex dielectric constant is relatively independent of soil type. At temperatures above freezing the complex dielectric constant of water in soils, at the water contents investigated, decreases with temperature, a type of behavior normally found only in solids. Below the freezing point the phase composition of water in soils determines the temperature dependence of the complex dielectric constant.

A parametric analysis of the coherent electromagnetic losses due to scattering from volume weak inhomogeneities is reported. It is shown that even in the case of very weak inhomogeneities, the loss could be appreciable in a resonance region and thus play a more dominant role than conductivity losses.

Imaging data acquired with the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) over the hyperarid region of Egypt/Sudan clearly show surface penetration through the sand cover. Even though absorption does occur in the sand layer, surface refraction leads to a steeper incidence angle at the sand/bedrock interface resulting in a stronger backscatter. A simple backscatter model shows that for a low-loss thin sand layer the presence of the covering layer enhances the capability to image the subsurface interface, particularly at large incidence angles and HH polarization.

Despite a diminution in the transmit and receive power of the SIR-B system, a striking L-band radar image was produced for a portion of the southern Al Labbah Plateau, Saudi Arabia, a landscape dominated by eolian sand features. Distinct tonal and digital number (DN) signatures uniquely define 1) areas where the SIR-B beam penetrated a relatively thin sand sheet to be diffusely reflected from the buried carbonate rocks of the Aruma Formation and 2) a thick sand hill and associative sand shadow where SIR-B subsurface imaging did not occur. Computer analysis of the digital SIR-B image data indicates there is about a 26-DN difference between the sand-buried Aruma Formation and the unpenetrated sand hill and shadow. Depth measurements from more than 80 test holes show that subsurface imaging occurred through a sand layer whose maximum measured thickness is 1.24 m. The penetrated medium is a fine-to medium-grained low-density quartz sand that had a very low moisture content (average of about 0.2 weight percent) on the day of the Space Shuttle overpass. The minimum thickness of sand features where subsurface imaging did not occur is thought to be about 3.1 m.

<p>面对雷达遥感多模式、多极化和高分辨率等发展趋势,结合考古学对空间技术的迫切需求,从雷达遥感工作特性出发,阐述了雷达遥感考古的机理。在回顾雷达遥感考古取得成就的基础上,围绕考古目标探测与发现、监测与诊断等现实需求,提出了一种适应于考古研究的雷达遥感实施框架;并对当前所面临的科学问题及研究内容进行了深入探索与分析。应用实践认为以项目实施为牵引,建立典型示范案例地,开展雷达遥感机理、方法与模型等考古适应性研究刻不容缓,并可着实推进我国文明探源与遗产地可持续化发展。</p>

Abstract A severe incongruity has long existed between the well-known complexity of ancient Maya civilization and the relatively feeble economic base that could be reconstructed for it. Recent fieldwork has ihdicated that much more intensive cultivation patterns were used than was previously thought. Data from the use of synthetic aperture radar in aerial surveys of the southern Maya lowlands suggest that large areas were drained by ancient canals that may have been used for intensive cultivation. Ground checks in several limited areas have confirmed the existence of canals, and excavations and ground surveys have provided valuable comparative information. Taken together, the new data suggest that Late Class period Maya civilization was firmly grounded in large-scale and intensive cultivation of swampy zones.

Bir Safsaf, within the hyperarid core of the Sahara in the Western Desert of Egypt, was recognized following the SIR-A and SIR-B missions in the 1980s as one of the key localities in northeast Africa, where penetration of dry sand by radar signals delineates previously unknown, sand-buried paleodrainage valleys (radar-rivers) of middle Tertiary to Quaternary age. The Bir Safsaf area was targeted as a focal point for further research in sand penetration and geologic mapping using the multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR sensors. Analysis of the SIR-C/X-SAR data from Bir Safsaf provides important new information on the roles of multiple SAR frequency and polarimetry in portraying specific types of geologic units, materials, and structures mostly hidden from view on the ground and on Landsat TM images by a relatively thin, but extensive blanket of blow sand. Basement rock units (granitoids and gneisses) and the fractures associated with them at Bir Safsaf are shown here for the first time to be clearly delineated using C- and L-band SAR images. The detectability of most geologic features is dependent primarily on radar frequency, as shown for wind erosion patterns in bedrock at X-band (3 cm wavelength ), and for geologic units and sand and clay-filled fractures in weathered crystalline basement rocks at C-band (6 cm) and L-band (24 cm). By contrast, Quaternary paleodrainage channels are detectable at all three radar frequencies owing, among other things, to an usually thin cover of blow sand. The SIR-C/X-SAR data investigated to (late enable us to make specific recommendations about the utility of certain radar sensor configurations for geologic and paleoenvironmental reconnaissance in desert regions.

We present the capabilities of low-frequency radar systems to sound the subsurface for a site located in south-central Egypt, the Bir Safsaf region. This site was already intensively studied since the SIR-A and SIR-B orbital radars revealed buried paleodrainage channels. Our approach is based on the coupling between two complementary radar techniques: the orbital synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in C and L bands (5.3 and 1.25 GHz) for imaging large-scale subsurface structures, and the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) at 500 and 900 MHz for sounding the soil at a local scale. We show that the total backscattered power computed from L-band SAR and 900-MHz GPR profiles can be correlated, and we combined both data to derive the geological structure of the subsurface. GPR data provide information on the geometry of the buried scatterers and layers, while the analysis of polarimetric SAR data provides information on the distribution of rocks in the sedimentary layers and at the interface between these layers. The analysis of 500-MHz GPR data revealed some deeper structures that should be detected by lower frequency SARs, such as a P-band system.

Within the framework of Kyoto & Carbon Initiative of the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA), we used JERS-1 and ALOS/PALSAR radar images to build regional and continental scale mosaics of Sahara. The unique capability of L-band SAR to map subsurface structures in arid areas revealed previously unknown geological features: craters, faults, paleo-rivers. The latter are of particular interest for water resource detection in arid regions.

ALOS/PALSAR L-band full polarimetric data have been used to detect and characterize a well-defined geometric target hidden under sand deposits in the Western Desert of Egypt. This buried object is rectangular in shape with very straight boundaries and encloses an area of 500 m2. Inside the rectangular area there is a perfectly circular feature of approximately 53 m2 area. High and medium resolution optical satellite images (WorldView-2, ALOS/AVNIR-2) and field investigation confirm that the topography of the study area is relatively flat and completely covered by dry sand. The electromagnetic wave scattering behavior of the detected buried object was measured by decomposing the scattering matrix of ALOS/ PALSAR full polarimetric data into Entropy-Alpha (H/a) and Freeman and Durden decompositions. Furthermore, a combination of unsupervised classification algorithms and Constant False-Alarm Rate (CFAR) edge detection was performed on the polarimetric data which revealed a well-defined geometric shape with straight borders. These borders have high a angles with low entropy, which physically means double bounce scattering mechanism with low randomness and is very similar to that of an urban scatterer, indicating that the detected target might be a buried wall-like foundation of a man-made structure. Moreover, 28 ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiles were acquired using a 270 MHz shielded antenna to validate the satellite radar remote sensing results. The GPR profiles reveal very clear hyperbolic shapes at 1.5 m depth with one of them showing a large hyperbolic shape-like structure, which might indicate the presence of a buried foundation. Thus the site might have significance to archaeological studies of the Western Desert, particularly previous human occupation and the sources of water for such habitation. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The aim of the present work was to compare Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) with RADARSAT-2 C-band satellite in order to identify the most suitable method for the detection of ground anomalies due to the presence of shallow underground archaeological structures. This comparison was performed over two UNESCO archaeological sites: Djebel Barkal (northern province of Meroe, Sudan) and Samarra (13065km north of Bagdad, Iraq). The choice of these two cultural sites was motivated by their position in a desert area (especially the Djebel Barkal site) where soil moisture has smaller impact on radar wave penetration, thus not compromising data interpretation. The largest difference between the satellites is the spatial resolution, around 2065m for the PALSAR sensor and 965m for the RADARSAT-2 satellite. Given the importance of spatial resolution for archaeological purposes, that difference is balanced by the wave band utilized, which can be translated in differences in soil penetration. However, the quite superficial remains in both the sites give different but complementary responses. Polarimetric SAR data were analysed with PolSARpro software, and all the products were then compared with archaeological maps and available optical satellite images, used as a basis for the georeferencing process. This work constitutes a fundamental step in archaeological research toward a correct interpretation of all the scattering mechanisms above or around ancient structures. Additional information, such as meteorological conditions where available and archaeological maps (that can be consulted from the UNESCO website), was used as a support for interpretation of the archaeological areas; in the case of the Iraqi city of Samarra and of the archaeological area of Gebel Barkal, ground-truth surveys in situ are not allowed for political reasons. Copyright 08 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The work presented here is a further study of the UNESCO Cultural Heritage sites of Samarra (Iraq) and Djebel Barkal archaeological area (Sudan) by means of polarimetric products of the Japanese satellite ALOS PALSAR. Despite the Iraqi war ending in 2011, the city of Samarra is still included on the UNESCO List of Sites in Danger (since 2007). The study of the city presented here began three years ago with the analysis of optical data. The work showed an urban and agricultural expansion affecting the integrity of the city. An attempt to study Samarra by using the polarimetric SAR technique was made in previous years with the employment of the ALOS PALSAR satellite. That study was limited to the analysis of polarimetric descriptors such as entropy and alpha angle, parameters that gave results regarding prevalence of double-bounce and volume scattering mechanisms in the area investigated. The second archaeological site, Djebel Barkal, is one of five archaeological sites located in a semi-desert area along the River Nile, in the Napatan Region considered to be part of Nubia. The site was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2003. Polarimetric descriptors considered in previous studies of the zone were entropy and alpha angle. Also in this case, a deeper analysis was carried out with the addition of a second ALOS PALSAR polarimetric SAR image, acquired 3 years later. In the present work, more polarimetric parameters, such as Freeman and Yamaguchi decompositions, are taken into account in order to observe scattering mechanisms both upon the structures already known and the area around them. Thanks to these decompositions and the archaeological maps that were available, it was possible to validate backscattered responses in ALOS PALSAR images as archaeological structures. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The launch of the first German radar satellite TerraSAR-X in 2007 opened a new era in spaceborne radar remote sensing. So far the applicability for the high-resolution prospection of upstanding and, especially, buried monuments was limited because of the low resolution of the former sensors. TerraSAR-X, however, provides us with images with a spatial resolution of up to 1m. The satellite operates in the so-called X-band with a frequency of 9.65GHz. Therefore it is supposed that there is no possibility to penetrate the soil with this sensor. To testify and analyse the benefit of TerraSAR-X in archaeological geophysics, we chose as a test site a Roman fortress in Syria. The site was chosen as we already have GPR data of the same area for a comparison and for the verification of the actual penetration depth. Our results revealed that it is possible to resolve superficial and even buried structures in the data set, which provides evidence that the X-band waves can penetrate the soil. This paper shows our results of the survey and an estimation of the possible penetration depth of TerraSAR-X. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

航天飞机成象雷达3号及X波段合成孔径雷达(SIR-C/X-SAR)计划是一项包括中国在内有13个国家合作进行的大型雷达对地观测研究计划。SIR-C/X-SAR具有L、C、X3个波段及L、C波段HH,HV,VH,VV极化,X波段VV极化同时成象的能力,可获得全极化及干涉雷达数据,是本世纪内最先进的航天成象雷达系统。该文系统介绍了SIR-C/X-SAR中国项目开展以来取得的研究成果。重点阐述了中国雷达试验区及与SIR-C/X-SAR成象飞行同步开展的航天-航空-地面立体同步观测试验和对干沙的穿透性试验,以及在相关领域和不同地区的应用,包括昆仑山火山群的发现,广东肇庆植被覆盖区地质体的识别,明、隋两代长城的探测与极化响应分析,海洋及城市特征研究。

For geological and environmental research in an arid area, a unique advantage of radar remote sensing is that radar wave can penetrate a certain layer of dry sand (a few centimeters to meters thick) to reach the buried bedrock. The penetration capability is able to reveal the subsur-face geological structure and old drainage paths. Based on the analysis of SIR-A, SIR-B, SIR-C, Radarsat ScanSAR, Landsat MSS and Landsat TM images acquired on different dates and the investigations made in several field trips in Alxa Plateau of Inner Mongolia, a number of old river valley and lake basins buried by wind-blown sand were recognized. Two parallel old drainage systems in the north and middle of the study area are delineated. The study suggests that the moving sand belts mainly follow the old drainage courses. This study also establishes a preliminary drain-age evolution model for an area of about 300 000 km 2 since the Tertiary, and finds that the Alxa Plateau was once an area with many rivers and lakes with a warm and humid climate. The relief reversion caused by neotectonic movement since “Qinghai-Tibet movement” is also analyzed.

Nine distinct surface types have been identified by comparison of SEASAT SAR imagery with field observations in the Askja Caldera region of central Iceland. A map of radargeological surface type is presented, together with field descriptions and discussion of the influence of the surface types on radar signal return. Surface relief, surface roughness and clast size were found to have the greatest importance for imageinterpretation.

A group of volcanoes northeast of Aksayqin Lake, in the western Kunlun Mountains, China, have been identified on multifrequency, multipolarization spaceborne imaging radar-C/X-band synthetic aperture radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) images. Field observations made on the volcanic morphology and terrain features are described in this paper. Analysis of single-band, single-polarization radar backscatter coefficients (σ°) shows that LHV best discriminates the two types of lava flows (pahoehoe and aa lavas), alluvium, and bedrock. The factors affecting the radar backscatter coefficient also are analyzed. Finally, this paper presents KAr isotopic ages of volcanic samples collected in the field and discusses the volcanism in the area.

A major N-trending Neoproterozoic suture between composite arc terranes of the Arabian-Nubian Shield in the east and older crust of the Nile Craton to the west is inferred to trend N-S close to the Nile in northern Sudan. We used shuttle imaging radar (SIR) C/X synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery to find and map these structures in the poorly known Keraf Suture which are not apparent on visible or near IR imagery due to extensive sand cover. L band (23 cm wavelength) radar images best resolve geologic structure; the other frequencies of the SIR-C/X-SAR system (X and C bands) permit qualitative evaluation of the effects of surface versus subsurface backscattering. Interpretation of L band images supported by field work indicates that the Keraf Suture is 50 km wide and &gt;550 km long, making it the longest basement structure recognized to date in NE Africa. The northern part of the Suture comprises ophiolitic rocks which were thrust westward over tightly folded sediments of the Nile Craton. The southern Keraf Suture is dominated by N- and NNW-trending, left-lateral strike-slip faults that affect previously deformed passive margin sediments. Associated with these faults are NE-trending transpressional folds and a possible transtensional basin. These structures are interpreted to be due to NW-SE oblique collision between the Arabian-Nubian Shield and the Nile Craton, as east and west Gondwana collided in the last 150 m.y. of Neoproterozoic time.

In a subtropical region, the application of remote sensing in geological survey and mapping is limited by the dense vegetation and soil cover and poor data availability due to clouds and rain. This study emphasizes the detection of structural and lithological features underneath a vegetation canopy using shuttle imaging radar C/X band synthetic aperture radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) data. Zhao Qing test site in southern China was selected for this study. The SIR-C/X-SAR data have advantages including all weather, all time imaging capability, high altitude, and wide swath along with the expanded information from multifrequency and multipolarization that improves the geological interpretibility, especially in a moist, vegetated region. This paper presents interpretations of structures, beds, and lithostratigraphic units from the shuttle imaging radar data, and makes an assessment of SIR-C/X-SAR data for geological mapping.

由于雷达数据不受天气影响，且具有一定的穿透能力，近年来已被广泛的运用在地质构造信息提取研究中。ALOS PALSAR与RADARSAT2是近年发展的最先进的雷达传感器，其全极化模式同时又具有较高的空间分辨率，这为植被区地质构造研究提供了良好的数据源。本文选取非洲埃塞俄比亚西部为研究区，通过对研究区域两种全极化雷达数据进行正射校正、极化合成等处理，对比分析了其在地质构造应用中的优劣，结果表明PALSAR全极化数据较为有利；最后选取PALSAR全极化数据，结合区域地质背景，提取了研究区的构造信息，提取结果与区域整体构造格架一致。

金矿遥感探测之关键在于成矿构 造及铁氧化物、含羟基蚀变矿物的信息提取。ＪＥＲＳ—１ＳＡＲ在构造探测方面具有很大的优势，可通过噪斑消除及边缘增强的空间滤波来提取构造信息。 ＬａｎｄｓａｔＴＭ可通过主成分变换，比值分析－主成分变换来提取蚀变矿物波谱信息、抑制植被波谱干扰。这两种遥感数据的复合处理可综合蚀变与构造信息。

The application of optical remote sensing data for geological mapping is difficult in the tropical environment. The persistent cloud coverage, dominated vegetation in the landscape and limited bedrock exposures are constraints imposed by the tropical climate. Structural geology investigations that are searching for epithermal or polymetallic vein-type ore deposits can be developed using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing data in tropical/sub-tropical regions. The Bau gold mining district in the State of Sarawak, East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo has been selected for this study. The Bau is a gold field similar to Carlin style gold deposits, but gold mineralization at Bau is much more structurally controlled. Geological analyses coupled with the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) remote sensing data were used to detect structural elements associated with gold mineralization. The PALSAR data were used to perform lithological-structural mapping of mineralized zones in the study area and surrounding terrain. Structural elements were detected along the SSW to NNE trend of the Tuban fault zone and Tai Parit fault that corresponds to the areas of occurrence of the gold mineralization in the Bau Limestone. Most of quartz-gold bearing veins occur in high-angle faults, fractures and joints within massive units of the Bau Limestone. The results show that four deformation events (D1 4) in the structures of the Bau district and structurally controlled gold mineralization indicators, including faults, joints and fractures are detectable using PALSAR data at both regional and district scales. The approach used in this study can be more broadly applicable to provide preliminary information for exploration potentially interesting areas of epithermal or polymetallic vein-type mineralization using the PALSAR data in the tropical/sub-tropical regions.

The Arabian–Nubian Shield represents a complex amalgam of arcs and microcontinents assembled during Neoproterozoic closure of the Mozambique Ocean. The 750–720 Ma Allaqi suture is an arc/arc collision zone, formed when the Gerf terrane in the north overrode the circa 830–720 Ma Gabgaba terrane in the south, prior to closure of the Mozambique Ocean. Neoproterozoic rocks include ophiolitic ultramafic–mafic rocks, metasediments, intermediate metavolcanic rocks, intrusive gabbro-diorite rocks, granodiorites, biotite granites, and leucocratic granites. High-pressure/low-temperature metamorphism has been documented in rocks of the suture zone. Mineral deposits include nickel–copper–platinum and podiform chromite in ultramafic rocks, marble, gold-bearing quartz-veins in D 2 and D 3 shear zones, and radioactive mineralization associated with late leucocratic granitic rocks. Integrated field mapping and remote sensing techniques are used to distinguish and map the relationships between rock units, structures, and alteration zones associated with mineral deposits along the Allaqi suture of Egypt's SE Desert. Landsat TM images processed using a band ratioing technique show different rock types remarkably well, and are able to distinguish between alteration zones associated with ultramafic rocks (listwaenites) and those associated with leucocratic granitic rocks (greisenization, silicification and albitization). Black and white L-band SIR-C/X SAR images outline foliations, faults and folds that control mineralization at several deposits in the area, whereas color composite multiband Chh-Lhh-Lhv SIR-C/X SAR images reveal some elliptical granitic bodies that host radioactive mineralization. E-trending, tight to isoclinal, gently dipping folds, thrust faults and subvertical shear zones related to the Allaqi suture are overprinted by N-oriented structures related to the Wadi Ungate shear zone, formed during collision of east and west Gondwana during closure of the Mozambique Ocean. The location of the Wadi Ungate shear zone in the Wadi Shellman area was previously unknown due to burial of basement rocks beneath thin dry sands. A new structural map was prepared using Landsat TM ratio images and SIR-C/X SAR imagery. SIR-C/X SAR data conveys considerably more information about rocks and structures beneath the thin sand cover than discernible from aerial photographs or Landsat TM images.

论述了几种常用的基于像元级遥感影像融合方法的原理、特点、作用及限制条件 ,对各种相应的算法进行了分析和评价 ,归纳并阐明了遥感数据融合效果定量评价指标及其意义 ,展望了遥感数据融合方法的发展与应用前景

利用彩色空间变换、比值变换及相关系数法分别对SAR影像与TM3 、TM4 、TM5 三波段影像进行融合处理。文章介绍了影像融合中的具体技术问题及其处理方法。因侧视雷达图像一般有明显的孤立噪声,所以,在进行影像融合处理之前,先对SAR影像进行预处理,文中用&delta;滤波法抑制孤立噪声(光斑) .最后,从视觉效果、熵、平均梯度值以及标准差等4 方面评价了影像融合的质量。

This study examines the value of integrating airborne C‐band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and airborne gamma spectroradiometric data with field, petrographic and geochemical data for geological mapping of the Cigano batholith, an important representative of the Paleoproterozoic granitic magmatism in the Carajás Mineral Province (CMP), Amazon region. Distinct schemes for the integration of radar/optical and radar/optical/gamma data were evaluated and the geological information derived from the integrated products was verified in the field. The investigation allowed the re‐evaluation of previous geological information and the definition of distinct domains within the Cigano pluton and country rocks. The importance of brittle structures related to the tectonic evolution of the area and the location of intensely altered zones in the pluton was emphasized, favouring new insights into current geological and exploratory models of the area. The application of a similar approach as operational routine in exploration programmes in the Amazon region is justified considering the limited geological information, the availability of aerogeophysical data and airborne/spaceborne remote sensing data (radar, optical) and the high costs of field mapping in this kind of terrain.

The advantages of integrating optical (Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)) and radar (Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR) – C, X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and RADARSAT-1) remote sensing data, and digital elevation models (DEMs) (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)) for geological mapping in arid regions such as the Afar Depression in Ethiopia are demonstrated. The Afar Depression in NE Africa is a natural laboratory for studying processes of sea-floor spreading and the transition from rifting to true sea-floor spreading. It is ideal for geological remote sensing because of its vastness, remoteness and inaccessibility together with almost continuous exposure, and lack of vegetation and soil cover. Optical-radar-DEM remote sensing data integration is used for: (1) Distinguishing spatial and temporal distribution of individual lava flows in the Quaternary Erta ‘Ale Volcanic Range in the northern part of the Afar Depression, by integrating band-ratios of ASTER thermal infrared (TIR) data with Landsat ETM+ visible and near infrared (VNIR) and SIR-C/X-SAR L-band ( λ 02=022402cm) data with horizontally transmitted and horizontally received (HH) polarization. (2) Visualizing and interpreting extensional imbrication fans that constitute part of the Dobe Graben in the central part of the Afar Depression by integrating Landsat ETM+ VNIR data with RADARSAT C-band ( λ 02=02602cm) data with HH polarization and SRTM DEMs. These imbrication fans were developed as layer-parallel gravitational slip of the border fault hanging-wall towards the graben center. (3) Mapping morphologically defined structures in rhyolite flows exposed on the flanks of the Tendaho Rift by merging ASTER VNIR and short wave infrared (SWIR) with RADARSAT C-band data with HH polarization. The Tendaho Rift constitutes part of the Tendaho-Gobaad Discontinuity that separates the southern and the central eastern parts of the Afar Depression. Optical-radar-DEM data integration proved to be an effective approach for aiding geological mapping and structural analysis in arid regions such as the Afar Depression.

针对四川省矿产资源分布特征，开展了矿山遥感监测工作，构建了“遥感数据源选取—遥感数字图像处理—遥感信息提取—野外验证—图件制作”相对完整且较为成熟的矿山开发遥感监测技术方法体系。以卫星光学遥感数据为主、航空光学遥感数据和雷达数据为辅，并采用无人机遥感图像；在正射纠正、几何配准、数据融合等图像预处理基础上，结合有关资料建立矿山开采面、矿山建筑、排土场、尾矿库、选矿厂、滑坡和泥石流的遥感解译标志；采取以目视解译为主、计算机自动提取与目视解译相结合、辅以野外验证的方法进行遥感解译；建立以遥感调查数据为主要数据源的矿山地质环境评价指标体系与 GIS 定量评价方法，实现矿山地质环境评价；采用矿山遥感监测与传统地质环境调查技术相结合方法，开展矿山环境综合治理区划研究。取得的成果与进展包括：①首次建立了省域矿产资源开发环境本底数据库，为实现矿山开发环境动态监测和国土资源空间数字化管理提供了基础数据；②监测成果已在矿产卫片执法、矿山环境治理和矿产资源规划等国土资源管理工作中发挥了重要作用，成为了四川省矿政管理的重要参考依据；③开展了矿山遥感监测技术方法研究与探索，形成了适应川西南山区的矿山遥感监测技术方法体系。