以大亚湾核电站附近海域为研究区, 基于HJ-1B卫星热红外遥感数据IRS4, 对核电站温排水空间分布特征进行了识别与验证。 首先利用时空插值后的NCEP大气廓线数据, 结合近地面气象观测信息对IRS4数据进行大气订正; 其次查找表数据建立IRS4宽通道辐亮度与辐射温度转换公式, 完成研究区海表温度反演。 利用温盐深测量仪, 与卫星同步采集了84个离散点的水温, 经空间插值获得地面调查海水“体温度”(bulk temperature, BT)的分布, 并与海表温度(sea surface temperature, SST)反演结果进行了对比。 结果表明, 调查区平均BT比平均SST高0.47 ℃。 在远离热排放口区域, SST高于BT, 两者差异在1.0 ℃以内; 在靠近热排放口区域, SST低于BT, 并且越接近排放口两者之间差距越大。 遥感与地面调查两种手段获得的温升分布基本一致, 总温升区域面积相近。 遥感手段获得的温升等级较少(小于4级), 地面调查获得温升等级较多(大于5级); 后者高温升等级(2级以上)区域面积较大, 但对于1级温升区面积而言, 两种手段差异较小。 上午10时左右海表BT与SST差异较小, “肤-体”温差效应可以忽略, 在IRS4业务化SST应用中, 这一时段的卫星遥感可以作为核电站温排水分布监测的常规手段。

The infrared data of TM and HJ-1B sensor on the same day were selected to monitor the distribution of surface temperature and thermal discharge in Daya Bay plant by the radiation transfer model after getting the three atmospheric parameters. The comparative results showed that there was a high consistency between the two kinds of sensors. Specifically, the absolute temperature difference of the thermal discharge inversion was less than 1.1℃, and the difference between the two average relative temperatures in the same temperature rising level was no more than 0.4℃. Therefore, the infrared satellite data of HJ-1B could meet the demand of the thermal pollution monitoring.

基于环境减灾卫星的热红外波段数据, 采用普适性单通道温度反演算法反演了田湾核电厂附近海域海面温度, 反演结果与MODIS海面温度产品具有一致性, 然后依据反演所得海面温度分布图, 对不同季节和不同潮汐条件下温排水的分布特征进行了分析, 结果表明, 夏季温升超过3℃的区域明显小于冬季, 夏季温排水沿海岸单向扩散, 冬季的温升区域呈扇形分布；低潮时温排水扩散范围明显增大, 温升超过3℃的区域面积超过高潮时的4倍.

为了探索利用卫星遥感数据监测核电站温排水的业务方法，并检验新发射的Landsat-8卫星的 热红外数据用于核电站温排水监测的应用能力，选取红沿河核电站附近的10 km×10 km海域作为研究区域， 采用Landsat-8卫星的热红外数据与中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS) 温度产品的交叉标定方式建立了温度信息提取模型。参考《海水水 质标准》，将温排水的不同温升强度分成五级；辅以现场水文、气象资料数据，分析了红沿河核电 站温排水的温度场分布及温升强度变化，绘制出了不同潮汐条件下1℃步长的温升曲线，获取了不同温升 的影响面积。将该数据与温排水数学模拟计算及物理模型试验的综合结果进行了对比。结果表明，依据这种研究方 法，Landsat-8卫星数据可实现高精度的核电站温排水遥感监测。

Based on the images from Landsat-8 thermal infrared sensor in the study area of Hongyanhe nuclear power station, this paper presents a novel approach to revising and data-processing the parameters of sea surface temperature retrival model for the thermal radiative transfer equation algorithm, mono window algorithm and general applicability of single channel algorithm and Qin split window algorithm respectively. The results are compared with the actual measured temperature data for accuracy verification and comparisonanalysis to seek the best temperature retrieval algorithm in the study area based on the Landsat-8/TIRS data. The results show that the root mean square error of the thermal radiative transfer equation algorithm is within 1K, its retrieval accuracy is the best of all. Qin split-window algorithm is the second one, but its retrieval precision reaches about 3K, retrieval accuracy is worse, and the overall retrieval temperature is also very high. The retrieval precision of the mono-window algorithm and generalized single channel exceeds 3K, its retrieval accuracy are the worst of all, and the overall retrieval temperature are very low. So radiative transfer equation algorithm can be used as the preferred algorithm for Hongyanhe nuclear power plant thermal discharge monitoring.

目的 对田湾核电站排放口附近海域温排水环境影响进行调查,全面掌握田湾核电站温排水环境影响范围和程度.方法 对田湾核电站附近海域环境背景资料进行广泛调研,以航天遥感测量为主、航空遥感测量为辅、近海面实地测量为补充的方式获得目前田湾核电站排放口附近海域海 面温度场特征分布.结果 田湾核电站一期工程2台机组建成投入运行后,其温排水对排放口附近海域环境影响明显,且随着核电机组的扩建和厂址周围环境的变化有继续扩大的趋势.结论 此次调查结果为田湾核电站温排水环境影响评价以及扩建工程取排水系统设计提供了翔实可靠的依据.

A poor validation strategy will compromise the quality of satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) products because confidence limits cannot be quantified. This paper addresses the question of how to provide the best operational strategy to validate satellite-derived skin sea surface temperature (SST) measurements. High quality in situ observations obtained using different state-of-the-art infrared radiometer systems are used to characterize the relationship between the SST, the subsurface SST at depth (SST), and the surface wind speed. Data are presented for different oceans and seasons. These data indicate that above a wind speed of approximately 6 m sthe relationship between the SSTand SST, is well characterized for both day- and nighttime conditions by a cool bias of 0.17 卤 0.07 K rms. At lower wind speeds, stratification of the upper-ocean layers during the day may complicate the relationship, while at night a cooler skin is normally observed. Based on these observations, a long-term global satellite SSTvalidation strategy is proposed. Emphasis is placed on the use of autonomous, ship-of-opportunity radiometer systems for areas characterized by prevailing low-wind speed conditions. For areas characterized by higher wind speed regimes, well-calibrated, quality-controlled, ship and buoy SSTobservations, corrected for a cool skin bias, should also be used. It is foreseen that SSTdata will provide the majority of in situ validation data required for operational satellite SST validation. We test the strategy using SSTobservations from the Along Track Scanning Radiometer, which are shown to be accurate to approximately 0.2 K in the tropical Pacific Ocean, and using measurements from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. We note that this strategy provides for robust retrospective calibration and validation of satellite SST data and a means to compare and compile in a meaningful and consistent fashion similar datasets. A better understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of thermal stratification of the upper-ocean layers during low-wind speed conditions is fundamental to improvements in SST validation and development of multisensor satellite SST products.

This article reviews the available data, measurement techniques, and present understanding of the millimeter thick aqueous thermal boundary layer. A temperature difference between the surface and lower strata, δT , of the order of a few tenths to 611 °C have been observed. Techniques ranging from miniature mercury thermometers and electrical point sensors to optical interferometry and infrared radiometry have been employed. Many processes influence the temperature structure in this thin boundary layer. Among them are: the net upward heat flux due to evaporation and sensible heat transfer; infrared and solar radiation; and the turbulence near the interface due to wind mixing, wave breaking and current shear. Presence of solute and surface-active materials stimulate or dampen these mixing processes thereby influencing boundary-layer thickness and temperature structure.