基于多源数据的山西省长治市宜居性研究
天津城建大学地质与测绘学院,天津 300384
Research on livability in Changzhi City of Shanxi Province based on multi-source data
School of Geology and Geomatics, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
通讯作者: 国巧真(1979-),女,副教授,博士,主要从事资源与环境遥感监测研究。Email:gqiaozhen@tcu.edu.cn。
责任编辑: 李瑜
收稿日期: 2019-09-12 修回日期: 2020-02-11 网络出版日期: 2020-09-15
基金资助: |
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Received: 2019-09-12 Revised: 2020-02-11 Online: 2020-09-15
作者简介 About authors
桑潇(1993-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事资源与环境遥感监测研究。Email:
居民地是人类的基本生活场所,其宜居性对人类的生活体验有着十分重要的影响。从自然环境与社会环境2个方面出发,考虑了自然环境、环境污染、人文环境、生活便利、社会安全等因素,构建区域宜居性评价方法,以长治市为研究区,基于2018年Landsat OLI影像、数字高程模型、在线地图POI点等数据源,采用层次分析法构建区域宜居性评价指标体系并计算其宜居指数,采用均值标准差法对其进行等级划分。以此为基础,分析长治市的区域宜居情况,旨在为城市的规划管理与可持续发展提供数据支持。研究结果表明,研究区宜居程度较高的地区主要集中在中南部、西部以及中部偏西北部; 宜居程度较低的地区集中在西北部、西南部以及东北部; 潞州区和上党区的高宜居性区域较多,其余各区县的中等宜居性区域较多。
关键词:
Residents are the basic living places of human beings, and their livability is significant for human life experience. Based on the two aspects of natural environment and social environment and considering the factors of natural environment, environmental pollution, cultural environment, living convenience and social security, the authors constructed the method of regional livability evaluation. With Changzhi City as the study area, the authors established regional livability evaluation index system using analytic hierarchy process method and calculated the livability index based on Landsat OLI image, DEM, online map POI point and other data in 2018. In addition, the authors classified it by the mean standard deviation method. The livable situation in Changzhi City was analyzed, and the result can provide data support for urban planning management and sustainable development. The results show that the areas with high livability in the study area are mainly concentrated in the south-central as well as western and northwestern of central, whereas the areas with lower livability are concentrated in the northwest, southwest and northeast. There are more high-living areas and higher livable areas in Luzhou District and Shangdang District, and more moderately livable areas in other districts and counties.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
桑潇, 国巧真, 乔悦, 吴欢欢, 臧金龙.
SANG Xiao, GUO Qiaozhen, QIAO Yue, WU Huanhuan, ZANG Jinlong.
0 引言
目前国内外学者对于宜居性做了大量研究,Leach等[7]介绍了英国伯明翰市关于城市的宜居可持续发展表现的346个指标; Ghasemi等[8]分析了德黑兰市在满足住宅、城市基础设施、卫生、绿色空间、工业、行政、运输、军事和商业等用途对土地利用方面的需求及其宜居性; 江慧娟[9]整合多源数据从生活便利性、出行便捷度、居住安全性和环境舒适性4个角度出发评估了武汉市社区的宜居性; 聂春霞等[10]通过构建宜居性评价指标并通过熵赋权法确定其权重的研究方法计算得到了2003—2010年中国30个城市的宜居性; 尹志强[11]研究了2005—2014年期间江苏省13个城市的宜居度变化; 谌丽等[12]研究了不同人群对于大连市宜居性的评价差异。但是现有的对于宜居性的研究多为国家级的大尺度或街道级的小尺度,而对于市级尺度的研究较少,且多以问卷调查为基础数据。
本文以山西省长治市为研究区,基于遥感与地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)技术,以Landsat OLI影像、数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)、在线地图POI点等为数据源,对研究区2018年城市宜居性进行等级评价与分析,进而为该区的可持续发展提供依据。
1 研究区概况及数据源
山西省长治市地处晋冀豫三省的交界处,位于由太行山太岳山环绕而成的上党盆地中。地势由西北向东南缓缓倾斜,东西横跨约150 km,南北长约140 km,平均海拔为1 000 m,地理范围为E111°59'~113°44',N35°49'~37°07'。长治市是国家首批资源型城市产业转型升级示范区,其历史悠久、自然资源丰富。图1为研究区地理位置。
图1
本文使用的数据有Landsat OLI影像、基础地理数据、DEM数据、POI数据以及污染源数据。Landsat系列数据下载于美国地质勘探局(
2 数据预处理
图2
3 宜居性指标体系
3.1 宜居性评价指标
表1 宜居性指标体系
Tab.1
一级指标 | 二级指标 | 三级指标 |
---|---|---|
自然生态环境 | 自然环境 | 坡度、水域、林地、草地 |
环境污染 | 废水污染、废气污染、土壤污染 | |
社会人文环境 | 人文环境 | 学校、图书馆、书店、景点 |
生活便利 | 医院、银行、超市、商场、餐厅、公交站、道路、加油站 | |
社会安全 | 派出所、消防队 |
3.2 宜居性评价指标权重
本文采用层次分析法对各个指标赋予权重。层次分析法是一种定性与定量相结合的层次权重决策分析方法,它由美国运筹学家托马斯·塞蒂提出。此方法将一个复杂的多目标决策问题作为一个系统,将目标分解为多个目标或准则,进而分解为多指标(或准则、约束)的若干层次,通过定性指标模糊量化方法算出层次单排序(权数)和总排序,以作为目标(多指标)、多方案优化决策的系统方法。层次分析法利用较少的定量信息使决策的思维过程数学化,为多目标、多准则或无结构特性的复杂决策问题提供了简便的决策方法,是一种定性和定量相结合的、系统化、层次化的分析方法,具有一定的可靠性与有效性,适用于存在不确定性和主观信息的情况。
层次分析法的基本步骤是: ①构建层次结构模型,在分析实际问题的基础上,将与问题相关的各因素按其隶属关系分解为若干层次,完成评价层次模型; ②建立因素判断矩阵,判断矩阵是将所有因素的重要性两两比较的对比矩阵,是对定性数据定量化的重要过程; ③权向量计算及一致性检验,计算所有成对比较阵的最大特征根与对应特征向量,通过一致性指标、随机一致性指标并计算一致性指标与随机一致性指标的商得到检验系数。通常认为检验系数CR在[0,0.1)的范围内,矩阵的一致性较好[16]。若能通过检验,则归一化后的特征向量为权向量。若不能通过,则需重新进行第二步骤; ④组合权向量计算及一致性检验。计算最底层对目标的组合权向量,并进行组合一致性检验。若通过检验,则可根据组合权向量的结果进行决策; 若不能通过,则需要重新思考模型。
表2 宜居性指标权重
Tab.2
一级指标 | 一级权重 | 二级指标 | 相对权重 | 二级权重 | 三级指标 | 相对权重 | 三级权重 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
自然生态环境 | 50 | 自然环境 | 0.33 | 16.5 | 坡度 | 0.63 | 10.39 |
水域 | 0.21 | 3.47 | |||||
林地 | 0.11 | 1.82 | |||||
草地 | 0.05 | 0.82 | |||||
环境污染 | 0.67 | 33.5 | 废水污染 | 0.54 | -18.09 | ||
废气污染 | 0.16 | -5.36 | |||||
土壤污染 | 0.30 | -10.05 | |||||
社会人文环境 | 50 | 人文环境 | 0.33 | 16.5 | 学校 | 0.40 | 6.60 |
图书馆 | 0.21 | 3.47 | |||||
书店 | 0.12 | 1.98 | |||||
生活便利 | 0.33 | 16.5 | 景点 | 0.27 | 4.45 | ||
医院 | 0.30 | 4.95 | |||||
银行 | 0.18 | 2.97 | |||||
超市 | 0.08 | 1.32 | |||||
商场 | 0.05 | 0.83 | |||||
餐厅 | 0.07 | 1.15 | |||||
公交站 | 0.14 | 2.31 | |||||
道路 | 0.16 | 2.64 | |||||
加油站 | 0.02 | 0.33 | |||||
社会安全 | 0.34 | 17 | 派出所 | 0.67 | 11.39 | ||
消防队 | 0.33 | 5.61 |
4 宜居性分析与评价
4.1 长治市宜居性分级分析
结合长治市的DEM数据得到长治市的坡度图,根据《城市居住区规划设计规范》(GB 50180—93 2016年版)中的与城市居住区坡度设计的相关规范可知,居民地应建在坡度小于25°的区域。长治市的DEM及坡度分布如图3(a),(b)所示。考虑到水域的气候调节作用,将其影响范围设置为1 000 m,林地与草地为其本身的范围,其分布如图3(c),(d)所示。废水污染、废气污染以及土壤污染的污染源数据来自长治市生态环境局官方网站发布的长治市2018年国家重点排污单位,并通过百度地图网站中的坐标拾取器小工具获取其坐标信息。工业废水主要排至河流中,结合河流一般流速(2 m/s),将废水污染源的7 000 m缓冲区(约河流1 h的流经路程)与水系数据叠加得到废水污染的影响范围(图3 (e))。工厂废气污染主要排放至空气中,结合空气污染物的气体扩散速度,如二氧化硫在常压下的速度约316 m/s,考虑到工厂中的环保措施将其影响范围设置为2 000 m(图3(f))。考虑到土壤污染等固体污染的局部空间相关性较强[22],将其影响范围设置为500 m(图3(g))。学校、图书馆、书店、景点、医院、银行、超市、商场、餐厅、公交站、加油站、派出所以及消防站的POI点数据于2018年9月份由脉策数据的POI查询模块得到。学校、书店、银行和商场这些影响因子的影响范围设为2 000 m,一般自行车速度约为8 km/h,自行车行驶约需15 min。这些影响因子的影响分布分别如图3(h),(j),(m),(o)所示。图书馆的范围设为5 000 m,自行车行驶约需40 min,以市内最高速度30 km/h驾车行驶需10 min,其影响范围如图3(i)所示。景点的范围设为40 000 m,以40 km/h速度驾车行驶需1 h,其影响范围如图3(k)所示。医院、派出所以及消防队的范围设为10 000 m,以80 km/h速度驾车行驶需7.5 min,其影响范围见图3(l),(t),(u)。超市、餐厅、公交站、道路这些影响因子的影响范围设为800 m,以80 m/min的步行速度需要10 min。这些影响因子的影响分布如图3(n),(p),(q),(r)所示。表3为部分三级指标的影响范围。
图3
图3
长治市宜居性影响因子及影响范围
Fig.3
Impact factors and impact ranges of livability in Changzhi City
表3 部分三级指标的影响范围
Tab.3
指标 | 范围/m | 指标 | 范围/m | 指标 | 范围/m |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
废水污染 | 7 000 | 景点 | 40 000 | 公交站 | 800 |
废气污染 | 2 000 | 医院 | 10 000 | 道路 | 800 |
土壤污染 | 500 | 银行 | 2 000 | 加油站 | 10 000 |
学校 | 2 000 | 超市 | 800 | 派出所 | 10 000 |
图书馆 | 5 000 | 商场 | 2 000 | 消防队 | 10 000 |
书店 | 2 000 | 餐厅 | 800 |
根据地理学第一定律——距离越近相关性越强[23],对于水污染、空气污染、土壤污染、学校、图书馆、书店、景点、医院、银行、超市、商场、餐厅、公交站、加油站、派出所、消防队影响因子,在其影响范围内采用反距离加权的方法(式1)进行权重赋值,即
图4
表4 宜居性分级依据及对应宜居区间(L)
Tab.4
分级依据 | 宜居区间 | 宜居性 等级 | |
---|---|---|---|
μ-SD>L | 16.78>L | 低 | |
μ-0.5SD>L≥μ-SD | 20.30>L≥16.78 | 较低 | |
μ+0.5SD>L≥μ-0.5SD | 27.34>L≥20.30 | 中等 | |
μ+SD>L≥μ+0.5SD | 30.86>L≥27.34 | 较高 | |
L≥μ+SD | L≥30.86 | 高 |
图5
图5
长治市宜居性分级和居民地分布
Fig.5
Livability classification and the habitation distribution map of Changzhi City
4.2 长治市各区县宜居性分析
根据长治市宜居性分级的结果,对长治市各区县不同宜居性等级面积进行统计,并计算各区县不同宜居性等级的区域面积比例(图6和表5)。由此可知,潞州区高宜居性地区占比最高,为72.15%,其次为上党区与潞城区,其余的县市比例均在20%以下,武乡县的占比最低,为6.25%; 上党区的较高宜居性地区占比最高,为28.67%,其次为潞城区与平顺县,黎城县的占比最低,为8.07%; 壶关县的中等宜居性地区占比最高,为55.11%,屯留区、潞城区、襄垣县、平顺县、武乡县、沁县以及沁源县的占比差距不大,处在40%~50%之间,潞州区的占比最低,为8.98%; 沁县的较低等宜居性地区占比最高,为23.80%,武乡县次之,为22.88%,上党区的占比最低,为0.93%; 黎城县的低宜居性地区占比最高,为28.27%,长子县、武乡县以及沁源县的占比在20%左右,上党区的占比最低,为0.93%。宜居性等级较高与高之和的占比之和前三名是潞州区、上党区和潞城区,其占比依次为83.08%,78.83%及46.78%,后三名是武乡县、黎城县以及沁源县,其占比依次为14.96%,15.44%及15.79%。而宜居性等级中等、高与最高之和的占比前3名是上党区、潞州区和潞城区,其占比依次为98.14%,92.06%及91.80%,后3名是黎城县、武乡县以及沁源县,其占比依次为52.46%,55.92%及60.41%。总体而言,上党区与潞州区的宜居性最好,武乡县与黎城县的宜居性最差。
图6
图6
长治市各区县宜居性统计
Fig.6
Livability classification in various districts and counties of Changzhi City
表5 长治市各区县不同宜居性等级区域面积百分比
Tab.5
区县 | 低 | 较低 | 中等 | 较高 | 高 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
潞州区 | 5.82 | 2.12 | 8.98 | 10.93 | 72.15 |
上党区 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 19.31 | 28.67 | 50.16 |
屯留区 | 15.77 | 15.80 | 42.40 | 11.03 | 15.00 |
潞城区 | 1.51 | 6.69 | 45.02 | 19.89 | 26.89 |
襄垣县 | 4.26 | 17.57 | 48.99 | 14.70 | 14.48 |
平顺县 | 11.85 | 10.94 | 49.48 | 17.60 | 10.13 |
黎城县 | 28.27 | 19.27 | 37.02 | 8.07 | 7.37 |
壶关县 | 7.01 | 8.61 | 55.11 | 15.97 | 13.30 |
长子县 | 20.15 | 14.71 | 28.82 | 17.09 | 19.23 |
武乡县 | 21.20 | 22.88 | 40.96 | 8.71 | 6.25 |
沁县 | 14.97 | 23.80 | 43.75 | 9.00 | 8.48 |
沁源县 | 17.96 | 21.63 | 44.62 | 9.22 | 6.57 |
5 结论
本文以长治市的居民地为研究对象,以2018年Landsat OLI影像、DEM、在线地图POI点等资料为数据源,构建区域宜居性评价指标体系,并对长治市居民地进行宜居性分析,为长治市的可持续发展提供数据支持,也为其他中尺度区域的宜居性分析提供参考。
1)参考《宜居城市科学评价标准》以及前人的研究基础,考虑多种宜居性影响因素,遵循全面性、客观性、可量化性等原则,确定了研究区兼具合理性与有效性的城市宜居三级评价指标体系,并结合层次分析法确定了各指标的权重。
2)宜居程度较高的地区主要集中在研究区的中南部地区、西部地区以及中部偏西北部地区,宜居程度较低的地区集中在研究区的西北部地区、西南部地区以及东北部地区。
3)潞州区和上党区的高宜居性区域较多,其余各区县的中等宜居性区域较多。
本文还存在有待完善的地方,可作为进一步研究的重点,如本文在进行区域宜居性指标影响范围确定时,由于相关数据的缺失,无法考虑到诸如不同餐厅可能由于其规模、口碑等因素使其影响范围不同,医院、学校等其他因素也是如此。对更多指标影响范围的合理分级可作为下阶段的重要研究内容之一。
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OBJECTIVE: 'Community livability' is a widely used term that is still under-conceptualized. The purpose of the project was to theorize key dynamics of livability for older adults who are aging in place in their homes and communities. METHODS: Twelve community-dwelling adults (70+) were recruited in a multiple-case study design. Interviews and naturalistic observations were used over the course of 6months. Global positioning system (GPS) devices were used to generate maps (routines, routes, type and duration of activities) to elicit additional insights through interviews. We used grounded theory analysis. RESULTS: For older adults, livability is not experienced as the presence of amenities, but rather involves active and ongoing negotiation of physical and social dimensions of their communities. We identify three core processes of livability including enacting an ideology of aging, building social infrastructure, and negotiating daily participation. These three processes unfolded in varied ways, yet closely shaped-and were shaped by-the older adults' participation in their necessary and chosen daily activities. DISCUSSION: Community livability is a process that varies considerably from the current conceptualizations. Understanding and expanding livability considerations will have positive implications for older adults' well-being while aging in community settings.
Dataset of the livability performance of the city of Birmingham,UK,as measured by its citizen wellbeing,resource security,resource efficiency and carbon emissions
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The spatial analysis of the livability of 22 districts of Tehran Metropolis using multi-criteria decision making approaches
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基于多源时空数据的城市社区宜居性动态评价方法研究
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Research on dynamic evaluation method of urban community livability based on multi temporal spatial data
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中国30个主要城市的宜居性及其差异
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Livability and differences of 30 Chinese major cities
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江苏省城市宜居性评价与宜居城市建设研究
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Study on the evaluation of urban habitability and the construction of livable city in Jiangsu Province
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大连居民的城市宜居性评价
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DOI:10.11821/xb200810002
URL
[本文引用: 2]
以2006 年大连市大规模调查问卷为基础数据, 运用数理统计和GIS 分析手段, 从“居住安全性”、“生活方便性”、“居住舒适性”、“出行便利性” 和“环境健康性” 五大类指标出发, 首先, 对大连的城市宜居性的综合水平和各要素进行了评价; 其次, 研究了宜居性评 价结果与居民的收入、家庭构成、学历、年龄、性别等社会经济属性特征之间的相关关系;然后, 按照居民的四类社会属性, 利用聚类分析方法, 研究了大连工薪阶层、年轻白领、低收入阶层和年轻打工族等四类人群对城市宜居性的评价差异, 其中, 拥有高收入和高学历的工薪阶层和年轻白领对大连的宜居现状满意;低收入阶层和年轻打工族收入偏低, 居住区主要位于市郊和老工业区等, 对大连的宜居性评价较低。
Urban residential suitability evaluation of Dalian’s residents
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DOI:10.11821/xb200810002
URL
[本文引用: 2]
In 1898, Howard put forward "garden city" as an introspection of the expense human paid for cities' vigorous development. One hundred years later, with the acceleration of urbanization China came the same problems. The deterioration of the living environment in cities is more and more common because of the agglomeration of population and industry in metropolitan areas. As a result, many scholars focus on the study of urban residential suitability, including the concept, content, influencing factors, as well as evaluation methods of it. There are usually three ways to appraise living environment, objective, subjective, and a combination of the two. This paper applies subjective method to have an overview of the suitability in Dalian. Choosing security, health, convenience, pleasure and facility as indexes, based on large-scale survey data of the residents' degree of satisfaction with the urban residential suitability in Dalian, this paper presents an empirical analysis of the residential problems in Dalian with the method of mathematical statistics and GIS analysis. The main content consists of the comparison of final score across each index, the study of relationship between attributes and evaluation result, and the comparison of both evaluation and spatial differences across social groups. Four conclusions are drawn as follows. (1) The average score of the five indexes shows that the urban residential suitability in Dalian is at a really fair level. Residents in Dalian are mostly satisfied with the traffic system, physical environment and daily facilities. However, they think there is a deficiency of community establishment. Meanwhile, the security of the city should be improved. (2) The attributes of residents would affect the evaluation result. According to analysis of correlation, the evaluation score is positively correlated to residents' income and education level, while is negatively correlated to family population. Age also counts for part of the final evaluation score. (3) Taking into account of these four attributes, residents in the city can be divided into four groups, which are working class, young white-collars, low-income local residents and young workers. People of different social groups show different evaluations of residential suitability. Working class and young white-collar people, who are wealthy and well-educated, are more satisfied with their living environment. Most of low-income local residents and young workers are living in suburban and old industrial districts, so their evaluation of urban residential suitability is lower. (4) The municipal government is obligated to take into consideration the need of all groups of people when dealing with urban residential suitability. At present, Dalian city has not met the need of the poor. For this reason, the governors should put more efforts on the equity of living environment, especially focus on the area where young workers and low-income residents live, such as Ganjinzi District and Jinzhou District.
城市公共空间设计:呼唤人性场所
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Urban public space design:Calling for human places
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基于层次分析法的高校图书馆学科服务评价模式
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Subject service evaluation model study in university library based on AHP
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京津冀地区城市宜居性评价及影响分析:基于2010—2016年面板数据的实证研究
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Urban livability and influencing factors in Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei:An empirical study based on panel data from 2010—2016
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重点生态功能区生态系统服务价值时空变化特征与启示——以湖北省宜昌市为例
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Spatiotemporal dynamics and implications of ecosystem service value in the key ecological function area:Case of Yichang City,Hubei Province
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浅析化工企业生产与污染治理的重要性
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Analysis on the importance of chemical enterprise production and pollution control
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城市宜居性居民满意度评价——以大连市为例
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Evaluation of resident satisfaction about livable city:Taking Dalian as an Example
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兰州城市宜居性评价及其空间特征
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DOI:10.5846/stxb201312313074
URL
[本文引用: 1]
在新型城镇化背景下,宜居性已成为当前城市发展研究的热点.基于问卷调查、ArcGIS空间分析方法及聚类分析法,选取设施完善度、出行便捷度、居住安全度、环境健康度、景观优美度和居民归属感6个一级指标和27个分指标,建立城市宜居性综合评价模型.在此基础上,以兰州市主城区内的48个街道和1个高新技术开发区为研究对象,从市区层面、分区层面和片区层面3个空间尺度,对兰州市宜居性进行了系统评价,以期为兰州城市建设提供参考.结果表明:兰州市宜居性总体水平不高,市区层面上受河流山体的提升作用,宜居性整体呈带状分布;分区层面上东西部差异明显.其中,城关区宜居性最好,七里河最差;片区层面受城市空间结构的影响,呈"多中心"分布格局.
The livable evaluation and analysis of characteristics of space in Lanzhou
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基于居民幸福感视角理解宜居城市
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Understanding livable city based on the perspective of resident’s happiness
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A Computer movie simulating urban growth in the detroit region
[J].DOI:10.2307/143141 URL [本文引用: 1]
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