Abstract: Atmospheric correction is an important preprocessing step for hyperspectral remote sensing images. The atmospheric correction quality determines the application degree of hyperspectral remote sensing to a certain extent. First, this study analyzed the influence of the atmosphere on radiative transfer and summarized the inversion methods of aerosol optical thickness and water vapor in the atmosphere, indicating the main atmospheric factors affecting the quality of hyperspectral remote sensing images. Then, the influence of the atmosphere was demonstrated theoretically by clarifying the derivation process of the radiative transfer equation and the action mechanism of relevant parameters, indicating the main aspects of hyperspectral atmospheric correction. Furthermore, this study summarized the hyperspectral atmospheric correction methods formed in recent years, including methods based on empirical statistics and radiative transfer, and analyzed the study advances and development trends of hyperspectral atmospheric correction. Finally, this study forecasted the development of atmospheric correction of hyperspectral remote sensing images. This study will provide a certain reference for the engineering application and study of hyperspectral remote sensing.