Abstract: The current high-resolution remote sensing images involve complex scenes that are difficult to analyze. Meanwhile，owing to the diverse scenes，there is a lack of accurate reference obtained from the sample database. Therefore，this paper proposed a self-learning segmentation method for high-resolution remote sensing images，with reference to the visual dual-drive cognition mechanism. Based on the principle of visual perception，this method interpreted the typical ground objects in the scene through unsupervised adaptive analysis. In addition，it achieved self-learning identification of typical ground objects by integrating a neural network. Finally，the segmentation results were self-checked and corrected by combining unsupervised analysis and neural network learning. Using real high-resolution remote sensing image data containing complex ground scenes，the comparative experiments were conducted between the proposed method and two popular deep neural network segmentation methods：mask region-based convolutional neural network （Mask R-CNN） and scalable vision transformer （ScalableViT）. The results showed that the proposed method can maintain robust and reliable segmentation accuracy，and outperformed others in terms of ground object cognition，generalization performance，and anti-interference ability. As such，it proved to be a cost-effective and practical approach.