Abstract: Exploring the quality differentiation characteristics and influencing factors of reclaimed cropland is of great significance for systematically advancing the reclamation of fallow land. Using land-cover remote sensing products at 30 m resolution and the sliding window algorithm, this study identified the distribution of reclaimed cropland in Ganzhou City of Jiangxi Province, a typical hilly area, in 2022. First, 11 indicators potentially influencing the quality of reclaimed cropland were selected, followed by the construction of their membership functions. Then, the weights of the indicators were determined using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the entropy weight method (EWM). Accordingly, the quality grades of reclaimed cropland were derived. Finally, the spatial distribution and influencing factors of the quality grades of reclaimed cropland were analyzed using correlation and spatial clustering analyses. The results indicate that the total reclaimed cropland in Ganzhou City covered an area of 1 404.25 hm², accounting for 0.38% of the total cropland in the city. The reclaimed cropland in the city exhibited an average comprehensive quality index of 0.67, with grades Ⅲ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ reclaimed cropland being predominant (94.58%), indicating generally low quality. The quality grades of reclaimed cropland were generally higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast, demonstrating significant high-high and low-low clustering patterns. Higher-quality reclaimed cropland was primarily distributed in northwestern Ganzhou, while lower-quality reclaimed cropland was concentrated in southeastern Ganzhou. The quality index of reclaimed cropland showed extremely significant positive correlations (P < 0.001) with aridity (0.77) and potential evapotranspiration (0.54) but extremely significant negative correlations with net primary productivity (-0.57) and net ecosystem productivity (-0.47). These findings suggest that the trade-off between climatic conditions and ecological carbon sink functions serves as a primary force driving the quality differentiation of reclaimed cropland. This study provides a philosophy for the implementation of the reclamation mode enabling water conservation and carbon sequestration in hilly areas. Besides, the rapid screening model based on climate-ecology dual factors, established in this study, can assist local governments in determining the reclamation potential of fallow land.