With Hefei City as the study area, the authors investigated the relationship between urban landscape pattern and hydrological effect. The landscape classification maps were obtained from Landsat TM/ETM+ images taken in 1995, 1999, 2003 and 2007 with the support vector machine classifier. The thermal radiance transfer equation was estimated by mono-window algorithm designed by Qin Zhihao. The relationship between urban landscape pattern and hydrological effect was analyzed using landscape indices derived from the land cover classification maps. The result shows that urban hydrology and landscape structure are highly correlated with each other in Hefei City. With the increase and centralization of the built-up land, the surface runoff and urban water supply capacity have also increased, but the per capita water consumption has relatively decreased and the water quality is relatively low. It is concluded that adjusting the pattern of the urban landscape is effective for the improvement of the urban hydrologic effect.