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| Geochemical characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil-crop systems |
WANG Zhi-Qiang( ), NI Ping, ZHANG Hong-Xu, SHI Tian-Chi, YANG Jian-Feng, ZHANG Hui-Ling |
| Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Survey of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China |
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Abstract This study analyzed the distributions, enrichment characteristics, and health risks of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Hg, As, and Pb) in soil-crop (maize, rice, and wheat) systems in the Shizuishan area, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The results indicate that the contents of heavy metals in the soils were below national background values, with the geoaccumulation index indicating an overall clean soil environment. Different crops showed significant differences in their ability to enrich heavy metals, with Cd and Pb being more enriched in wheat, and As and Hg being more enriched in rice. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between soil pH and heavy metal enrichment coefficients. With an increase in pH value, maize exhibited markedly increased enrichment coefficients for Cr and As, whereas rice manifested a notably decreased enrichment coefficient for As. Soil organic matter inhibited the ability of crops to absorb and enrich heavy metals by reducing the bioavailability of heavy metals. The health risk assessment reveals a high non-carcinogenic risk index for children via the hand-to-mouth route. The As content in some samples exceeded the limit specified in food safety standards, requiring targeted monitoring. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for soil contamination control and safe crop production.
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Received: 26 November 2024
Published: 07 August 2025
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Distribution of sampling points
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测试
样品 | 测定
指标 | 分析方法 | 辅助方法 | 检出限 | 土壤
样品 | Cr | 电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES) | | 0.014 ×10-6 | | Cd | 石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法 | | 0.01×10-6 | | Pb | 石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法 | | 0.01×10-6 | | Hg | 原子荧光光谱法(AFS) | | 0.50×10-9 | | As | 原子荧光光谱法(AFS) | | 0.01×10-6 | | pH | 离子选择电极法(ISE) | | | | 有机质 | 容量法(VOL) | | | 植物
样品 | Cr | 电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES) | 微波消解法 | 0.014×10-6 | | Cd | 石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法 | 微波消解法 | 0.005×10-6 | | Pb | 石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法 | 微波消解法 | 0.01×10-6 | | Hg | 原子荧光光谱法(AFS) | 微波消解法 | 0.50×10-9 | | As | 原子荧光光谱法(AFS) | 微波消解法 | 0.01×10-6 |
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Assay method
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| 范围 | 污染程度 | | Igeo≤0 | 未污染 | | 0<Igeo≤1 | 未污染—中度污染 | | 1<Igeo≤2 | 中度污染 | | 2<Igeo≤3 | 中度—重度污染 | | 3<Igeo≤4 | 重度污染 | | 4<Igeo≤5 | 重度—极度污染 | | 5<Igeo | 极度污染 |
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Igeo indicates the pollution level
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| 符号 | 参数含义 | 单位 | 儿童 | 成人 | | Ri | 每日摄取率 | mg/d | 200 | 100 | | EF | 暴露频率 | d/a | 350 | 350 | | ED | 暴露时长 | a | 6 | 25 | | BW | 平均体重 | kg | 15.9 | 56.8 | | AT | 平均时间 | d | 26280 | 26280 | | Rb | 每日吸入率 | m3/d | 7.5 | 14.5 | | PEF | 颗粒物释放因子 | m3/kg | 1.36×109 | 1.36×109 | | SA | 皮肤暴露面积 | cm2 | 2800 | 5700 | | SL | 皮肤粘附因子 | mg/cm2 | 0.2 | 0.07 | | ABF | 皮肤吸附因子 | 无量纲 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
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Health risk assessment exposure paramenters
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| 重金属 | RfDi | SFi | | Cr | 2.86×10-5 | 4.2 | | Cd | 2.55×10-5 | | | Hg | 8.57×10-5 | | | As | 3.01×10-4 | 15.1 | | Pb | 3.52×10-4 | |
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Metal element reference dose and slope carcinogenic factor coefficient
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| 项目 | 参数 | pH | 有机质
含量/% | 阳离子交换量
/(cmol·kg-1) | 全盐量
/(g·kg-1) | | 玉米 | 最大值 | 9.100 | 3.700 | 14.161 | 4.380 | | 最小值 | 8.200 | 0.350 | 2.045 | 0.400 | | 平均值 | 8.573 | 1.584 | 8.327 | 1.315 | | 标准偏差 | 0.188 | 0.618 | 2.716 | 0.804 | | 变异系数 | 0.022 | 0.390 | 0.326 | 0.611 | | 水稻 | 最大值 | 8.820 | 4.000 | 14.213 | 5.440 | | 最小值 | 7.970 | 0.470 | 2.709 | 0.350 | | 平均值 | 8.279 | 1.578 | 7.643 | 2.016 | | 标准偏差 | 0.172 | 0.630 | 2.364 | 1.121 | | 变异系数 | 0.021 | 0.400 | 0.309 | 0.556 | | 小麦 | 最大值 | 8.860 | 4.380 | 13.752 | 9.180 | | 最小值 | 8.150 | 0.790 | 3.732 | 0.770 | | 平均值 | 8.373 | 2.264 | 9.712 | 1.571 | | 标准偏差 | 0.154 | 0.697 | 1.849 | 1.492 | | 变异系数 | 0.018 | 0.308 | 0.190 | 0.950 | | 整体平均值 | 8.408 | 1.809 | 8.561 | 1.634 |
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Physical and chemical properties of root soil
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| 有机质含量/% | 养分程度 | 样本所占比例/% | | >4.00 | 丰富 | 10.59 | | 2.00~4.00 | 较丰富 | 0 | | 1.00~2.00 | 中等 | 80.00 | | <1.00 | 缺乏 | 9.41 |
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Organic carbon content evaluation criteria
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| 参数 | 玉米 | | Cd | Cr | Hg | As | Pb | | 最大值/10-6 | 0.340 | 79.4 | 0.110 | 19.5 | 26.8 | | 最小值/10-6 | 0.0620 | 35.4 | 0.0100 | 4.33 | 13.6 | | 平均值/10-6 | 0.134 | 42.9 | 0.0130 | 11.6 | 19.3 | | 标准偏差/10-6 | 0.0500 | 10.1 | 0.0180 | 3.14 | 3.06 | | 变异系数 | 0.273 | 0.160 | 0.556 | 0.249 | 0.144 | | 土壤背景值/10-6 | 0.171 | 54.8 | 0.0260 | 11.9 | 19.3 | | 地累积指数 | -0.937 | -0.937 | -1.59 | -0.618 | -0.581 | | 参数 | 水稻 | | Cd | Cr | Hg | As | Pb | | 最大值/10-6 | 0.340 | 75.5 | 0.170 | 15.0 | 29.5 | | 最小值/10-6 | 0.0900 | 40.7 | 0.0100 | 4.31 | 15.3 | | 平均值/10-6 | 0.123 | 50.8 | 0.0150 | 9.95 | 17.3 | | 标准偏差/10-6 | 0.0460 | 6.89 | 0.0250 | 2.41 | 3.12 | | 变异系数 | 0.266 | 0.108 | 0.786 | 0.22 | 0.146 | | 土壤背景值/10-6 | 0.171 | 54.8 | 0.0260 | 11.9 | 19.3 | | 地累积指数 | -1.06 | -0.695 | -1.38 | -0.84 | -0.742 | | 参数 | 小麦 | | Cd | Cr | Hg | As | Pb | | 最大值/10-6 | 0.240 | 73.6 | 0.15 | 15.8 | 28.7 | | 最小值/10-6 | 0.0830 | 48.7 | 0.0180 | 6.70 | 14.8 | | 平均值/10-6 | 0.130 | 58.7 | 0.0140 | 8.66 | 17.5 | | 标准偏差/10-6 | 0.0280 | 5.91 | 0.0270 | 1.93 | 2.93 | | 变异系数 | 0.153 | 0.0890 | 0.661 | 0.152 | 0.132 | | 土壤背景值/10-6 | 0.171 | 54.8 | 0.0260 | 11.9 | 19.3 | | 地累积指数 | -0.980 | -0.486 | -1.48 | -1.04 | -0.726 |
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Heavy metal content in root soil
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| 参数 | 玉米 | | Cd | Cr | Hg | As | Pb | | 最大值/10-6 | 0.00750 | 0.179 | 0.000600 | 0.0384 | 0.109 | | 最小值/10-6 | 0.00630 | 0.0881 | 0.000100 | 0.0860 | 0.0425 | | 平均值/10-6 | 0.00690 | 0.109 | 0.000200 | 0.0161 | 0.0797 | | 标准偏差/10-6 | 0.000300 | 0.0175 | 0.000100 | 0.00670 | 0.0144 | | 变异系数 | 0.0472 | 0.162 | 0.561 | 0.414 | 0.180 | | 污染限值/10-6 | 0.100 | 1.00 | 0.0200 | 0.500 | 0.200 | | 参数 | 水稻 | | Cd | Cr | Hg | As | Pb | | 最大值/10-6 | 0.00560 | 0.117 | 0.00730 | 0.458 | 0.0883 | | 最小值/10-6 | 0.00480 | 0.0779 | 0.000 | 0.107 | 0.0376 | | 平均值/10-6 | 0.00520 | 0.0962 | 0.000800 | 0.229 | 0.0553 | | 标准偏差/10-6 | 0.000300 | 0.00930 | 0.00130 | 0.0873 | 0.0107 | | 变异系数 | 0.0540 | 0.0971 | 1.76 | 0.382 | 0.194 | | 污染限值/10-6 | 0.200 | 1.00 | 0.0200 | 0.350 | 0.200 | | 参数 | 小麦 | | Cd | Cr | Hg | As | Pb | | 最大值/10-6 | 0.024 | 0.160 | 0.000300 | 0.0902 | 0.0998 | | 最小值/10-6 | 0.0103 | 0.0890 | 0.0000 | 0.0203 | 0.0419 | | 平均值/10-6 | 0.0153 | 0.119 | 0.000200 | 0.0423 | 0.0662 | | 标准偏差/10-6 | 0.00330 | 0.0204 | 0.000100 | 0.0168 | 0.0118 | | 变异系数 | 0.214 | 0.172 | 0.429 | 0.396 | 0.178 | | 污染限值/10-6 | 0.100 | 1.00 | 0.0200 | 0.500 | 0.200 |
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Heavy metal content in crops
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Enrichment coefficients of five heavy metals in different crops
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| 指标 | 玉米-Cd | 玉米-Cr | 玉米-Hg | 玉米-As | 玉米-Pb | | 根系土-Cd | 0.004 | -0.026 | 0.072 | -0.119 | -0.095 | | 根系土-Cr | -0.026 | -0.160 | 0.132 | -0.355*** | -0.004 | | 根系土-Hg | 0.209* | -0.039 | 0.049 | -0.199* | -0.078 | | 根系土-As | -0.087 | -0.054 | 0.161 | -0.284** | -0.019 | | 根系土-Pb | 0.207* | -0.003 | 0.207* | -0.377*** | 0.153 | | 指标 | 水稻-Cd | 水稻-Cr | 水稻-Hg | 水稻-As | 水稻-Pb | | 根系土-Cd | -0.063 | 0.056 | 0.283** | 0.102 | 0.147 | | 根系土-Cr | -0.277** | -0.193 | 0.121 | 0.135 | 0.072 | | 根系土-Hg | -0.085 | 0.106 | 0.631*** | -0.091 | -0.093 | | 根系土-As | -0.115 | -0.084 | -0.029 | -0.022 | 0.139 | | 根系土-Pb | -0.155 | -0.016 | -0.015 | -0.140 | -0.048 | | 指标 | 小麦-Cd | 小麦-Cr | 小麦-Hg | 小麦-As | 小麦-Pb | | 根系土-Cd | 0.153 | 0.022 | 0.353*** | 0.061 | 0.076 | | 根系土-Cr | 0.078 | -0.151 | -0.005 | -0.056 | -0.002 | | 根系土-Hg | 0.125 | 0.210 | 0.032 | -0.190 | 0.232* | | 根系土-As | 0.289** | -0.004 | -0.102 | -0.366*** | 0.041 | | 根系土-Pb | 0.070 | -0.084 | -0.108 | -0.103 | -0.138 |
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Correlation between root soil and heavy metals in three crops
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| 玉米-BCF(Cd) | 玉米-BCF(Cr) | 玉米-BCF(Hg) | 玉米-BCF(As) | 玉米-BCF(Pb) | | 根系土pH | 0.200* | 0.366*** | 0.083 | 0.411*** | 0.201* | | 水稻-BCF(Cd) | 水稻-BCF(Cr) | 水稻-BCF(Hg) | 水稻-BCF(As) | 水稻-BCF(Pb) | | 根系土pH | 0.380*** | 0.146 | -0.081 | -0.409*** | 0.052 | | 小麦-BCF(Cd) | 小麦-BCF(Cr) | 小麦-BCF(Hg) | 小麦-BCF(As) | 小麦-BCF(Pb) | | 根系土pH | 0.172 | 0.076 | 0.220 | -0.012 | 0.114 |
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Correlation between biological enrichment coefficient of heavy metals in crops and pH value of root soil
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Correlation diagram between heavy metal enrichment coefficient of crops and pH of root soil
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| 玉米-BCF(Cd) | 玉米-BCF(Cr) | 玉米-BCF(Hg) | 玉米-BCF(As) | 玉米-BCF(Pb) | | 有机质 | -0.596*** | -0.417*** | -0.375*** | -0.519*** | -0.500*** | | 水稻-BCF(Cd) | 水稻-BCF(Cr) | 水稻-BCF(Hg) | 水稻-BCF(As) | 水稻-BCF(Pb) | | 有机质 | -0.529*** | -0.245* | -0.146 | -0.237* | -0.240* | | 小麦-BCF(Cd) | 小麦-BCF(Cr) | 小麦-BCF(Hg) | 小麦-BCF(As) | 小麦-BCF(Pb) | | 有机质 | -0.360** | -0.004 | -0.426** | 0.023 | -0.139 |
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Correlation between biological enrichment coefficient of heavy metals in crops and organic matter in root soil
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Correlation diagram between heavy metal enrichment coefficient of crops and organic matter in root soil
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| 暴露人群 | 摄入方式 | 暴露剂量 | | Cr | Cd | Hg | As | Pb | | 儿童 | 手口摄入 | 7.58×10-7 | 9.32×10-7 | 5.41×10-7 | 8.53×10-7 | 9.40×10-7 | | 呼吸摄入 | 2.09×10-17 | 2.57×10-17 | 1.49×10-17 | 2.35×10-17 | 2.59×10-17 | | 皮肤摄入 | 2.12×10-9 | 2.61×10-9 | 1.52×10-9 | 2.38×10-9 | 2.63×10-9 | | 成人 | 手口摄入 | 4.42×10-7 | 5.43×10-7 | 3.16×10-7 | 4.97×10-7 | 5.48×10-7 | | 呼吸摄入 | 4.71×10-17 | 5.79×10-17 | 3.37×10-17 | 5.30×10-17 | 5.85×10-17 | | 皮肤摄入 | 1.76×10-9 | 2.17×10-9 | 1.26×10-9 | 1.98×10-9 | 2.18×10-9 |
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Exposure dose of heavy metals in root soil by different exposure routes
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| 指数 | 暴露人群 | 摄入方式 | Cr | Cd | Hg | As | Pb | 非致癌风险危险熵
(HQ) | 儿童 | 手口摄入 | 2.65×10-2 | 3.26×10-2 | 1.89×10-2 | 2.98×10-2 | 3.29×10-2 | | 呼吸摄入 | 7.31×10-13 | 8.98×10-13 | 5.22×10-13 | 8.22×10-13 | 9.07×10-13 | | 皮肤摄入 | 7.42×10-5 | 9.12×10-5 | 5.30×10-5 | 8.35×10-5 | 9.21×10-5 | | 成人 | 口摄入 | 1.55×10-2 | 1.90×10-2 | 1.10×10-2 | 1.74×10-2 | 1.92×10-2 | | 呼吸摄入 | 1.65×10-12 | 2.03×10-12 | 1.18×10-12 | 1.85×10-12 | 2.04×10-12 | | 皮肤摄入 | 6.17×10-5 | 7.58×10-5 | 4.40×10-5 | 6.94×10-5 | 7.65×10-5 | 非致癌风险指数
(HI) | 儿童 | 2.66×10-2 | 3.27×10-2 | 1.90×10-2 | 2.99×10-2 | 3.30×10-2 | | | 成人 | 1.55×10-2 | 1.91×10-2 | 1.11×10-2 | 1.75×10-2 | 1.93×10-2 | |
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Non-carcinogenic risk index of heavy metals in root soil
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| CR(Cr) | CR(As) | | 儿童 | 3.19×10-6 | 1.29×10-5 | | 成人 | 1.86×10-6 | 7.54×10-6 |
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Carcinogenic risk index of heavy metals in root soil
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