This paper has briefly reviewed the development of the remote sensing technology adopted by China Aero

Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources (AGRS), described the main remote sensing

application achievements obtained during the New Round Investigation for National Land and Resources, and analyzed

the development trend of applying remote sensing to land and resources survey in China.

With the adoption of the Digital Landslide Technique and high resolution remote sensing data, remote

sensing has enabled more accurate qualitative and quantitative survey of regional landslides and monitoring of

large landslide since the beginning of 21 Century. Digital Landslide Technique is based on geoscience principles

of landslide and depends on the support of remote sensing, digital photogrammetry and image-processing, GIS and

computer techniques. It can be divided into four parts, namely, landslide identification, capturing of basic

landslide information, information storage and management, and spatial analysis. The technique has perfected and

developed itself continually during the practice since the end of the 20th Century.

This paper has discussed the application of remote sensing to the monitoring of mineral resources

exploration and mine environment according to the government requirements, and analyzed in detail the problems in

regional monitoring. The remote sensing monitoring technology for the exploration of mineral resources is also

proposed in this paper.

Differential SAR interferometry has proved to be of remarkable potential for large-scale deformation

monitoring. However, a full operational capability has not yet been achieved due to atmospheric disturbance and

phase decorrelation phenomena. This paper deals with the main techniques for the application of InSAR to surface

deformation monitoring. Such techniques as the conventional SAR interferometry, Stacking Interferograms, Permanent

Scatterers Inteferometry and Corner reflector InSAR are presented in this paper， with their advantages and

limitations analyzed separately. The method for differentiating the atmosphere disturbance phase from the

deformation phase and the algorithm for identifying coherent point and spatial phase unwrapping based on Dealaunay

triangle network are discussed. From the viewpoint of practical application, the accuracy, precision and

reliability of D-InSAR measurement are analyzed. The key problems in the spatial integration processing of

multiple SAR images and the phase regression in the temporal domain of large coverage deformation mapping are also

studied.

By identifying temporarily stable natural reflectors or persistent scatterers (PS), the PSInSAR

(Persistent Scatterers for SAR Interferometry) technique can analyze the subset of pixels in SAR images, even with

long temporal and space baselines, so as to achieve high accuracy deformation measurement. The authors adopted the

PSInSAR process briefly summarized in this paper and applied this method in Tianjin area to detect the deformation

phenomena by using ENVISAT ASAR images. Calibration of ASAR images can help us select more PSCs. Using calibrated

backscattering coefficient threshold, we can discard the pixels whose amplitudes are relatively stable and whose

backscattered signals are weak and incoherent. The results obtained by processing 14 images show the distribution

and the relative deformation value of the displacement field. The estimated linear velocities of PS are not

accurate enough because of the relatively small number of images.

The software AeroDG is designed and developed specially to process the data of direct georeferencing by

airborne POS supported photogrammetry. Based on an analysis of the requirements, this paper discusses the design

ideas and key technologies, and demonstrates the main functions of AeroDG.

Based on the data processing theory of direct georeferencing by airborne POS supported photogrammetry,

this paper proposes the accuracy appraisal method. The accuracy of orientation parameters of POS and that of

ground object position are dealt with in detail in this paper according to the experimental results and production

practice.

In order to evaluate and promote the application of small satellite Beijing-1 in mineral resources

exploration, the authors used this satellite as data source to do some information extraction study of the remote

sensing mineralizing anomaly in the Huangshan copper-nickel ore belt. The lab and image spectra of various rocks

were analyzed, and then the structural and mineralizing alteration information was extracted by using an effective

image processing technique. The results show that it is feasible to extract alteration anomaly of iron-bearing

minerals such as limonite and chlorite with Beijing-1.

The technical system of multispectral remote sensing anomaly extraction called de-interfered anomalous

 principal component anomaly filtration technology and its working process have been discussed in detail in this

paper. It includes the process of data preprocessing, mask of interferential ground objects, anomaly extraction,

anomaly postprocessing and anomaly filtration. The application of this system in Tianshan-Beishan, Kunlun and

Gandise metallogenic belts shows that it is effective in ore-prospecting work.

Using the high resolution ground control points measured by satellite-based DGPS (Differential Global

Positioning System), this paper compared two geometric correction methods for SPOT5 data and analyzed the causes

of correction errors. The results show that the accuracy of the orthorectification model method is better than

that of the polynomial method. The errors of the polynomial method in Y axis are bigger than those in X axis, but

the error difference in Y axis and in X axis is not obvious for the orthorectification model method. The pixel

distortion caused by the satellite observation angle is the main cause for the bigger errors of the polynomial

method.

The POS-supported photogrammetry can determine the position and the altitude of the sensor at the same

time of aerial photography. Considering the oriented translational offsets and rotations between the POS and the

camera, the authors hold that the accuracy performance of direct orientation measurement is sufficient to make

orthophoto. This paper deals with the course and the crucial technology for the quick compilation of DOM.

This paper deals briefly with the compilation process of the 1:10000 digital orthophoto map (DOM) in

some areas based on POS. The result shows that the orientation method named Integrated Sensor Orientation (ISO)

can use only a few control points to calculate the parameters of exterior orientation with high precision and meet

the demand of DOM production with great efficiency, thus shortening the map-making cycle. It is shown that this

method has a wide application prospect in the production of DOM.

The hyperspectral imaging technique has been used widely in geosciences and geological investigation.

Based on the authors’ practice, this paper mainly deals with the application of hyperspectral imaging data to

such fields as mineral mapping, metallogenic prognosis, vegetation geochemical exploration and physiological

extraction, and mine environment analysis. The results obtained can not only help the basic geological study but

also promote the remote sensing mapping from lithological mapping to mineral mapping. It is obvious that the

hyperspectral imaging technique will play an increasingly important role in geological investigation in future.

The project of Remote Sensing Survey of Ecology, Geology and Environment in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

beginning in 2003 has made some achievements. Surveying results of some sub-projects such as Quaternary geology

and Quaternary glaciers, modern glaciers, lakes, wetlands (except for lakes) and desertification are discussed in

this paper. The importance of this project to the environmental protection of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is emphasized,

and the assessment results of environmental quality of the plateau are recounted. Geological factors have played a

long-term role in the formation of environmental heterogeneity in the plateau, and controlled its evolution in the

geological history. In the past 30 years, the global climate change and human activities have resulted in some

adverse effects on the environmental factors and even the sustainable development of China.

Some results of a case study which is focused on regional environment evaluation with  geochemical

survey data and remote sensing images are described in detail in this paper. A land cover map compiled on the

basis of Landsat TM images and geochemical data was used to establish a model that provides quantitative data for

ecological and environmental evaluation.

 Based on the Quickbird digital image map and consulting the land reorganization planning map and

previous remote sensing images, the authors extracted the well, road, canal and other information concerning land

reorganization. The results show clearly the situation of the land reorganization planning execution, the progress

of land reorganization projects, and the land use change in the land reorganization zones.

In the past 10-20 years, the peripheral areas of Beijing have suffered increasingly serious

environmental degradation, because especially of the excessive exploitation of resources caused by land use and

the land cover change. The change of such land use types as cultivated land, grade plot, forest land, grassland,

construction land, water area and saline alkali land, and wetlands directly impacts the environmental situations

of these areas. With remote sensing technology, geographic information system technology, and global positioning

system technology as the means, the two phases of remote sensing images in 1991 or 1992, 2001 or 2002 as the

basis, and the current land use map and other related materials such as ecological construction as the

supplementary materials, the authors, through field investigation and inspection, accurately obtained the land-use

status of over 230000 km2 land area all over the 51 county areas around Beijing and the land use dynamic changes

as well as land degradation in the past 10 years associated with ecological environment and ecological

construction, which reflects the effect of ecological construction.  The data obtained provide scientific basis

for the reasonable utilization of resources and the construction and planning of the ecological environment.

Exemplified by wetland investigation in Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake areas, the authors used remote

sensing multidate method to investigate wetland changes along the Yellow River basin, built wetland data base of

three periods, and employed statistical data from the data base to probe into the causes for the changes of lakes,

rivers and marshes.

A gigantic landslide happened at Qianjiangping Village of the Three Gorges area in Zigui County, Hubei

Province on July 13,. 2003. Combining advanced remote sensing digital technique with the relief map data, the

authors set up the DEMS before landslide and after landslide of this area. On the basis of these high-resolution

satellite images, a 3D terrain model was constructed. Interactive interpretation was employed to get

characteristic features, the slide direction and the distance between various parts of landslide were calculated,

and then the volume was estimated, which is 1.5×107m3. Making good use of geological data, disaster theory and

GIS, the authors found out the caused for Qianjiangping landslide. It is believed that the main triggering factors

seem to have been the sluice of the Three Gorges and continuous heavy rainfall.

The prerequisites for engineering geological site selection, such as regional topographic and geomorphic

conditions, geotechnical engineering conditions, geological structural conditions, geological hazard conditions

and hydrogeological conditions have been summarized in this paper. Some problems that deserve further attention

have also been analyzed in detail.

Atmospheric effect is one of the important factors affecting the results of mineral identification and mineral mapping in the application of imaging spectra. By means of theoretical analyses and comparative experiments, this paper has investigated the effect of atmosphere on mineral identification and mineral mapping. The results of atmospheric correction using different methods have been compared and discussed.

Taking ERS-2 and satellite Radarsat-1 radar data as the main information, this paper discusses the regional geological mapping units on radar image in the regional geological mapping (1∶250000 scale) of Daheishan sheet in Xinjiang. The changing regulations among echo intensity and topography units and the lithologic characteristics are summarized, and the relationship between echo intensity and roughness is analyzed. The results show that the gray shade of pixels in the radar image can represent special geological mapping units, and different gray units can be used as basic ones in regional geological mapping. The authors have studies the methods and techniques when the radar image is used as the key information source in regional geological mapping. The results obtained can offer technical support for SAR technique applied in 1:250000  regional geological mapping.

 The identified prospecting region of Muruntau type gold deposits is located in Jigen District, Wuqia County, Xinjiang, lying in the South Tianshan Mountains tectonic belt which is the southern extension of the Sawaya'erdun gold deposit. Its outcropping rock is Devonian grayish black charcoal-bearing turbidite. Based on a comparative interpretation of remote sensing images for metallogenic environments of Xinjiang and its west neighboring countries, it is considered that the known metallogenic belts in Xinjiang stretch along the Tianshan Mountains. A comparison of the geological features between the Muruntau gold deposit and the Sawaya'erdun gold deposit shows that the two deposits are quite similar to each other, and hence the prospecting work can be done in similar ways. According to the results of interpretation of the remote sensing image, four prognostic areas were identified in Jigen District, and five gold and copper ore bodies were discovered in one of these areas. The maximum gold content reaches 27.62 g/T，and the maximum copper content reaches 15.85%. This paper also summarizes the prospecting criteria for Muruntau type gold deposits in Xinjiang, and the method for prospecting work at depths.

Based on the application of the radar image from 1:250000 regional geological mapping and the results of field survey, this paper analyzed the demonstration mechanism of salt minerals on the radar image. All the distributive provinces of salt minerals in the sheet can be interpreted and identified easily. The distributive area and its borderline are shown more accurately than those shown by other methods, and the salt reserves can be judged in a semi-quantitative way.

Xiangshan Harbor is very complex in dynamic conditions. Based on large quantities of remote sensing data and topographic data, the authors studied the evolution of the shoreline and the tidal bank in Xiangshan Harbor since 1976. The results show that the evolution of the shoreline and the tidal bank from 1975 to 2003  was quite obvious, and the tidal bank in Xiangshan Harbor experienced varied kinds of evolutionary processes. Up till now, the shoreline has moved outward for 1700m.

Based on the remote sensing interpretation result, the authors built a Synthetic Eco-geo-environment Evaluation Platform, a Spatial Database (SDBM) and an Attribute Database (ADBM) for modeling. These techniques result mainly from many references to mature projects and classical methods in the field of environment evaluation. Having chosen three synthetic evaluation methods, the authors designed and developed the  Synthetic Eco-geo-environment Evaluation System (SEES), which provides an efficient toolset for regional eco-geo-environment evaluation. SEES was used in Qinghai Province as a case study.