From the viewpoint of targets of remote sensing monitoring for mine exploitation and

mine environment and on the basis of image characteristics of the monitoring targets, the authors

analyzed the detection capabilities of this means for different data sources such as high spatial

resolution, hyperspectrum, microwave and thermal infrared remote sensing, and summarized

comprehensively the application situation, existing problems, major research fields and key

technologies. The authors also tentatively put forward some methods for solving these problems in

the remote sensing monitoring of mines.

 Decorrelation is one of the key restrictive factors when the InSAR technique is used to derive the parameters of inland glaciers in China．This paper has compared the coherence patterns between different perpendicular baselines，terrain slopes and wavelengths from both the theoretical and the experimental results based on analyzing the factors leading to the interferometric spatial decorrelation. Taking the Dongkemadi Glacier of western China as the study area，the authors analyzed the different coherence patterns of the Dongkemadi Glacier by using C-band ENVISAT/ASAR and L-band ALOS/PALSAR data. The quantitative result is also given. The results indicate that the capability of the coherence by ALOS/PALSAR repeat-pass pairs is higher than that of the coherence by ENVISAT/ASAR pairs. The L-band ALOS/PALSAR data are more fit for extracting the parameters of the inland glacier.

Making use of the MODIS vegetation index product provided by the Earth Observation System as the data resource and utilizing the close correction between the NDVI and the vegetation fraction, this paper has made a division of the desertification degree by means of NDVI and regards the division as the quantitative standard of desertification. The authors obtained the NDVI hierarchical distribution maps of 2000 and 2007 in Horqin sandy land and counted the corresponding percentages of the desertification of various degrees. At last, the paper comments on the desertification situation and dynamic change of the study area on the basis of the percentage of different-grade desertification land and the hierarchical distribution map offered by NDVI and the spatial distribution of desertification. The research results indicate that the desertification area had on the whole decreased from 2000 to 2007.

The extraction of information from any remote sensing imagery has its own unavoidable theoretical limitation. Facing this problem properly can make clear the direction of research on related algorithms and reduce the cost of application. It is the Spectral Confusion within the Same Object or Similar Objects (SCSO) and the related problem of image objects with heterogeneous spectra that seriously restrict the precision of image information extraction. To understand this is the key to the awareness of such a limitation.  There exist different spectral reflective rates in different roof materials, which results in the serious SCSO phenomenon for different architecture objects in remote sensing imagery of urban areas. The Gaussian-mixture-model-based EM (Expectation Maximization) estimate algorithm can provide a scientific basis for analyzing the degree of spectral heterogeneity within a building and in an object of architecture category and hence improve the classification precision. Taking the multi-spectral QuickBird image as the sample data, this paper introduces the basic principle of Gaussian-mixture-model-based EM estimate algorithm, by means of which the density distribution of the different material roofs can be imitated and sub-classes of architecture be recognized. It turns out that the EM algorithm is superior to the traditional supervised and unsupervised classification in terms of the classification result of architecture image objects.

 Through an analysis of geological data of the Yangjiazhangzi and Lanjiagou Mo-polymetallic deposits, the main ore-control factors such as strata, magmatic rocks, structure and alteration were determined. Taking into account geological response to these ore-control factors in remote sensing images and making use of filter, ratio and other related methods, the authors extracted structure linear, alteration, and other information. Subsequently, an analysis of the weight of evidence and a test of independence (X2) of basic geological elements and information in remote images revealed that ore-control factors chosen are reasonable from mathematical and geological viewpoints. The above study led to the delineation of two new prospective areas.

The information of terrain shadow is an important subject when we study 3D visualization, terrain radiant

correction of remote sensing image, calculation of solar radiation of mountainous areas, etc. This paper deals with

the identification of the terrain shadow based on DEM, which the direct solar radiation creates. The terrain shadow

includes umbra and drop shadow. The methods for identifying the two types of terrain shadow are presented in this

paper. According to the methods, the terrain shadow image of Taibai Mountain area is obtained. In the end, some

important problems are discussed on identifying the terrain shadow.

The RPC（Rational Polynomial Coefficients）model is a kind of universal expression model for image

geometry, which can be used to express accurately all the image geometric relations and has been widely accepted by

industry. Based on a description of the rigorous sensor model for domestic optical satellite imagery, this paper

deals with the RPC model and unbiased estimation algorithm. Using the imagery of the domestic satellites ZY1-02B and

ZY2-03, the authors have proved the correctness of the method and the adaptability of the RPC model for domestic

satellite imagery.

This paper has analyzed the importance of atmosphere correction in PS processing, described the existent

method for atmosphere correction, and pointed out the shortcoming in the existent method for atmosphere correction

in PS processing. Considering the advantages of correcting atmosphere effects based on MERIS, this paper presents a

method for atmosphere correction combined with MERIS in PS processing. For the purpose of evaluating the methods for

atmosphere correction, the authors conducted an experiment to compute the atmosphere effect with the presented

method by using ASAR data covering Beiluhe test area. The result indicates that, with this method, the atmosphere

correction can be made in PS processing with relative fewer SAR data.

Aquaculture constitutes one of the important agricultural production means in China and has a significant

irreplaceable effect on the development of economy. The monitoring and scientific management of aquaculture is

therefore especially important to the people. At present, researches on the remote sensing monitoring of aquaculture

are very insufficient both at home and abroad. With Wenchang area of Hainan Province as an example, the authors

tentatively extracted  the aquaculture area by means of remote sensing. The object-oriented classification method

was adopted in the monitoring and, as a result, an ideal result was obtained. Some suggestions are put forward for

further improving the classification precision.

With the support of GIS, land use spatial data were scaled using two rules for rasterizing the vector

data, and the area accuracy loss of every type of land use was analyzed on the different spatial scales. Some

conclusions have been reached: （1）the area accuracy loss of any type of land use is under 2% at the grid size

under 80m when the rule of maximum area (RMA) is used, and at the grid size under 160m when the rule of centric cell

(RCC) is used; （2）at the grid size of 800m，the area accuracy loss of the water area is above 50% with the rule of

maximum area, while the area accuracy loss of the water area is above 20% with the rule of centric cell; （3）the

error of different land use types from the raster data with the rule of maximum area increases when spatial grain

increases, while the error with the rule of centric cell is randomly distributed when spatial grain increases.

According to RMA, the area accuracy loss of any type of land use shows a positive correction with the grid size.

This paper selected three indices,Normalised Difference Built-up Index (NDBI),Modified Normalised Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to represent three major urban land use/cover types:building plot,water and vegetation respectively by detailed analysing the two remote sensing TM images of Xi’an City in 2000 and 2007. Then the study classified the imge through the neural network classification module ,calculated types of land use in Xi'an Dynamic transfer matrix, constructed the land use change index and dynamic index and analyzed spatio-temporal changes of land use in Xi'an by using Erdas I-magine 9.0,ENVI, ArcGIS 9.2 and Matlab software platform. The result came to that the driving forces of change of land use in Xi'an were population growth, economic growth,urbanization development and policy change.

The identification of hydrocarbon alteration minerals with hyperspectral remote sensing can be used to detect hydrocarbon microseepages and locate underground oil-gas reservoirs. Taking the Three-lake region in eastern Qaidam basin where natural gas is accumulated as an example, the authors resampled hyperion hyperspectral data to overcome the impact of unobvious target minerals and low SNR of the sensor. Through defining the indicative signature for detecting hydrocarbon alteration minerals with hyperspectral remote sensing, mineral components corresponding to image end-members were determined effectively by using the spectral analysis method of spectral matching combined with spectral linear fitting. Comparative identification results with algorithms of spectral angle matching (SAM) and linear spectral unmixing (LSU) show that the method for reducing image band numbers and determining end-members can effectively enhance the precision of identification for hydrocarbon alteration minerals with hyperspectral remote sensing.

The RapidEye satellite has a wide application vista due to its advantages of wide coverage, fast repetition, high resolution and multi-spectrum bands. This paper has analyzed the quality and precision of the RapidEye 3A product and evaluated its capability for discerning objects in the mine.

The land use change detection method based on historical land use vector maps and the present remote

sensing images is studied in this paper. The method of statistical test with multi-band can efficiently avoid the

threshold uncertainty of traditional methods. It is indicated that the method can guarantee the automatic

measurement of land use change, with the overall accuracy being 86.2%.

This paper sums up the existent methods of SPOT true color image simulation and puts forward a new

simulation method based on neural networks, which uses the powerful function of the neural networks in learning from

samples. Firstly, the model studies TM/ETM+ data. Secondly, after repeated training, the model obtains the

appropriate model parameters between the TM B (blue) band and other bands such as NIR (near infrared), R（red） and

G (green) band. Thirdly, the model is applied to SPOT images. According to the NIR (near infrared), R（red）and G

(green) bands of SPOT, the B (blue) band is simulated. The final step is the synthesis of the SPOT true color image.

Test result shows that the method is superior to the traditional methods in simulation of SPOT true color image.

The analysis of landscape patterns of large areas based on high resolution satellite images will acquire

further information for decision-making. In this paper, the object-oriented approach is introduced into SPOT5 image

classification and, with this technique, a 1∶10000 land use map of the upper reaches of the Miyun Reservoir was

obtained. Then the landscape spatial pattern was analyzed quantitatively using the program of FRAGSTATS. The results

show that forest, shrub and grass cover more than 85% of the whole study area and, moreover, these main landscape

types are characterized by lower fragmentation and integrated structure which are beneficial to water resource

conservation. Though farmland, construction land and unutilized land only account for a small proportion, they

constitute the most important causes for the high fragmentation of the whole landscape. The improvement and

management of these types should be strengthened during the process of protecting vegetations.

: Water pollution in the lake always occurs along with eutrophication. Strong correlation has been found

between such water quality parameters as chlorophyll-a, SD, TP, TN, COD and BOD5 in the water body. TP and TN

directly control the growth and propagation of phytoplankton, and theoretically speaking, TP and TN affect

chlorophyll-a and SD indirectly, whereas chlorophyll-a and SD are primary parameters that can influence spectral

reflectance characteristics. Previous research results indicate that retrieval models of TP and TN can be developed

directly using remote sensing data because of their strong correlation with chlorophyll-a and SD. Based on this

technical idea, the authors derived the BOD5 retrieval model in the Hongze Lake using TM images according to its

strong correlation with TP and TN. The result demonstrates that the model is simple and feasible. This study proves

to be a successful experiment in the construction of the retrieval model of water quality parameters.

Based on a statistic analysis of spectral characteristics of such objectives as road, building, sloping

farmland, vegetation, water and shade on the SPOT 5 remote sensing image in the Baokang phosphorite ore district of

Hubei Province, this paper holds that spectral properties of these objectives have certain similarity and

difference, and it is difficult to extract the mining area and the solid waste accurately based only on a single

classification method. Making use of the decision tree classification and setting up some classification rules in

combination with the related auxiliary data from the digital elevation model and the ore-bearing strata, the authors

successfully classified the objects in the ore district into various categories. Subsequent processing of the

classification results shows that the classification precision can reach 83.4%.

The Bayesian network is in fact the Markov blanket of the class node in the classification theme. This

paper deals with a Bayesian network with constraint, in which all feature nodes must be child nodes of class node,

the child nodes can have different relationships with each other, and then some generally-used models of restricted

Bayesian network, namely NB, TAN and BAN, are used to interpret remote sensing images. From the evaluation of the

likelihood function of structures, we can obtain net structure and get the classifier synthesizing the topology and

probability statistical information of feature nodes and the class node. The authors applied these models to the

classification of remote sensing images and discussed their performance.

With Inner Mongolia as the study area, the authors selected the height, coverage and biomass as the single

indices for the assessment of grassland degradation based on field survey and random samples, and calculated the

grassland degradation index (GDI) by integrating the height, coverage, and biomass. According to a correlation

analysis between GDI and every vegetation index computed, the GDI and the MSAVI were chosen as the best variables to

build the grassland degradation model with linear regression by using of RS, GIS, and GPS techniques. The grassland

degradation time-space distribution and the variation tendency in 2002 and 2006 were also analyzed. It is concluded

that the vegetation degeneration situation has on the whole shown an improvement, but with partial worsening in 2006

compared with things in 2002.

 The waterbody information extraction method based on the spectral angle is proposed in this paper.

Nanjing was chosen as the study area and the Landsat ETM+ image (band 1～5, 7) was regarded as the test data. The

acquisition date of the image was July 17，2001 and the size of the image was 2048 columns by 2048 rows pixels. The

spectral characteristics of different ground objects in different bands were analyzed and four spectral angles (band

2～5) were calculated. Then the vegetation was separated using the differences of spectral angles in band 4. The

result of the separation of water information from shade was also quite well. Finally, the residential area was

separated easily using the differences of reflectance in band 4 and band 5.

 The authors have established an eco-tourism self-service system website based on the OpenGIS, whose goal

is to give local residents some guidance and training. It does not need large-scale infrastructure construction, and

the purpose lies in making them obtain some traveling serviceability. Through this website the local residents can

establish communication with the tourists and participate in this industry so as to develop local economy. This

paper carried out the system demand analysis and described the system construction, the function module and the data

flow in detail. The server operating system uses RedHat Linux Enterprise AS5, the client end utilizes mainstream

browser, the database management system employs PostgreSQL 8.0, the spatial data engine applies PostGIS, and the

application server platform uses Tomcat 5.5. The WebGIS platform uses the GeoServer 1.5.3 server, whereas the

GeoTools module is set in. With the Mount Qomolangma nature preservation zone as an example, the system was

conducted smoothly.

Google Earth has injected new vitality into GIS industry, but it is poor in spatial analysis which is

important in GIS. The authors first realized the buffer analysis based on ArcGIS engine, and then transformed the

results of the buffer analysis into the KML format using ArcGIS engine and OGR. As a result, the results of the

buffer analysis could be shown in Google Earth. To some extent, the means can develop the buffer analysis function

of Google Earth indirectly.