The services of ecological systens and the natural capilal stocks that produce them are critical to the functiouing of the Erarth's life-support system.They contribule to human welfare.both direetly and indireetly,and therefore represent part of the totaleeononic value of the planet.We have estimated the eurrent biosphere.the value(most of which is ontside the market)is estimated to be in the range of USS16-54trillion(1012)per year,with an average of USS33 trillion per year.Because of the nature of the uncertainties,this must be considered a mininum estimate.Global gross national produet total is around USS18 trillion per year.

Ecosystem services imply the natural environmental conditions and their effectiveness formed and sustained by ecosystems and ecological processes, on which, human life relies for existence. They not only supply human with the production of ecosystem goods, such as food, forage, timber, fuel, natural fiber and pharmaceuticals, but also perform fundamental life support services, which include the purification of air and water, detoxification and decomposition of wastes, regulation of climate, regeneration of soil fertility, production and maintenance of biodiversity, and mitigation of floods, droughts, and wind and water erosions. It is recognized that ecosystem services are essential to civilization. In recent years, people pay more and more attentions on the research of ecosystem services, and ecologists and economists discuss in succession the connotations and the valuation methods of ecosystem services, which have become the frontier's topics in ecology and ecological economics. In this paper, the research advances and tendencies in ecosystem services, their economic valuation and their relations to sustainable development are literaturally surveyed and discussed.

atural ecosystems support life, contribute to human welfare, and provide essential conditions and services for civilization. The contributions and benefits from natural ecological systems to human societies are ecosystem services, which include: production of natural goods, biodiversity maintenance, climate regulation, regulation of hydrological flows and water supply, mitigation of droughts and floods, cycling and moving nutrients, generation and preservation of soils and renewal of their fertility, detoxification and decomposition of wastes, pollination and seed dispersal, pest control, maintenance of conditions for both mental and physical health and healing of human beings, provision of aesthetic, intellectual, and spiritual stimulation. The services flowing from natural ecosystems are enormous and indispensable for economy and welfare, but have been greatly undervalued by society, partly because they are not traded in markets and people are rarely ware of the role and importance of these services. In market-driven societies, the valuation of ecosystem services is useful to support more ecologically conscious decision-making. Identification and monitoring of ecological processes that generate ecosystem services are much needed. Human activities already have altered physical, chemical, biological and geographic attributes of the Earth profoundly and have been impairing the flow of ecosystem services on a large scale. We are facing a great challenge to maintain a sustainable society that is ecologically sound, economically feasible, socially just and peaceful. Ecologists should work closely with public and policy-makers to answer this challenge.

目前的评估由于方法的原因,常常会遗留下一些含糊不清的地方.遥 感则可以作为一种观察生态系统多样性和单个生态系统中各种结构侧面的重要工具.它提供了一种能够跨越几个不同空间尺度实施评估的手段,并且对于评估生态系 统格局随时间的变化也是必不可少.现在许多不同的遥感技术已经被应用在生态学研究中.大多数工作所用的数据主要是来自机载和星载平台提供的摄影和数字光学 图像,目前则越来越强调激光扫描和合成孔径雷达数据的应用.这些技术手段为从景观到林分规模的不同现象的评估提供了机会.遥感提供了可用于确定森林生态系 统中生物多样性景观尺度的元素的最有效的工具,例如基质和斑块的相对百分比以及它们的配置.在中间尺度,遥感为评价廊道的存在和边界的特性提供了理想的工 具.在林分尺度,遥感技术可用来获取关于森林林分结构属性的信息,例如冠层表面的特性,是否存在冠内分层等等.随着技术的发展,遥感将更广泛地用于生态学 研究.

Recognizing the imperative need for biodiversity protection, the convention on biological diversity (CBD) has recently established new targets towards 2020, the so-called Aichi targets, and updated...

Remote sensing provides continuous, large-area coverage that supports synoptic, consistent, and repeatable monitoring of vegetation and, therefore, can be used to derive indirect indicators of biodiversity. We used a 21-year archive of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) (1987 2007) data to assess changes in an indirect indicator of biodiversity, the Dynamic Habitat Index (DHI), which has proven useful in predicting patterns of species richness and abundance at broad spatial scales (>1 km2). The index has 3 components reflecting integrated vegetation greenness, vegetation seasonality, and minimum vegetated cover. We used a Theil en nonparametric rank-based test and computed the proportion of cells with positive or negative DHI trends within both the Canadian protected area network and the Canadian ecoprovinces. In general, the smaller protected and natural areas close to urban development had relatively larger proportions of trending DHI components over the 21-year period, than the larger, more remote protected regions. Most protected areas and ecoprovinces observed an overall increase in integrated greenness and a reduction in vegetation seasonality over the analysis period. We conclude that the ability to derive trends from long time-series of remote sensing data helps focus local biodiversity monitoring programs by guiding actions to areas of the greatest observed change.

生态系统服务研究是当前国际上科学研究的热点和前沿。近年来我国生态系统服务研究取得了较快进展。为了全面认识与介绍国内生态系统服务研究的状况与成果,促进国际生态系统服务研究的交流与合作,论文首先回顾了我国生态系统服务研究的4个时期,并简要概括了所取得的成就和存在的问题,最后指出,中国生态系统服务的研究应该尽快由当前的概算式研究转向更深层次的研究,尤其要重点关注生态系统功能的基础理论研究、评估指标与方法的标准化、生态服务价值动态评估模型研究、评估结果在决策过程中的应用研究以及生态系统服务的市场化机制研究。

The study indicated that using RS and GIS technologies simultaneously with precipitation data resulted to an effective and accurate assessment of soil erosion in considerable short time and low cost for large watersheds.

Land degradation affects large areas of land around the globe, with grave consequences for those living off the land. Major efforts are being made to implement soil and water conservation measures that counteract soil erosion and help secure vital ecosystem services. However, where and to what extent such measures have been implemented is often not well documented. Knowledge about this could help to identify areas where soil and water conservation measures are successfully supporting sustainable land management, as well as areas requiring urgent rehabilitation of conservation structures such as terraces and bunds. This study explores the potential of the latest satellite-based remote sensing technology for use in assessing and monitoring the extent of existing soil and water conservation structures. We used a set of very high resolution stereo Geoeye-1 satellite data, from which we derived a detailed digital surface model as well as a set of other spectral, terrain, texture, and filtered information layers. We developed and applied an object-based classification approach, working on two segmentation levels. On the coarser level, the aim was to delimit certain landscape zones. Information about these landscape zones is useful in distinguishing different types of soil and water conservation structures, as each zone contains certain specific types of structures. On the finer level, the goal was to extract and identify different types of linear soil and water conservation structures. The classification rules were based mainly on spectral, textural, shape, and topographic properties, and included object relationships. This approach enabled us to identify and separate from other classes the majority (78.5%) of terraces and bunds, as well as most hillside terraces (81.25%). Omission and commission errors are similar to those obtained by the few existing studies focusing on the same research objective but using different types of remotely sensed data. Based on our results, we estimate that the construction of the conservation structures in our study area in Eritrea required over 300,000 person-days of work, which underlines the huge efforts involved in soil and water conservation.

Ecosystem services evaluation is a hot topic in current ecosystem management, and has a close link with human beings welfare. This paper summarized the research progress on the evaluation of ecosystem services based on geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) technology, which could be reduced to the following three characters,i.e., ecological economics theory is widely applied as a key method in quantifying ecosystem services, GIS and RS technology play a key role in multi-source data acquisition, spatiotemporal analysis, and integrated platform, and ecosystem mechanism model becomes a powerful tool for understanding the relationships between natural phenomena and human activities. Aiming at the present research status and its inadequacies, this paper put forward an “Assembly Line” framework, which was a distributed one with scalable characteristics, and discussed the future development trend of the integration research on ecosystem services evaluation based on GIS and RS technologies.

61The suitability of soil and water conservation techniques (SWCTs) is assessed.61A GIS-based multi-criteria-evaluation (MCE) is applied for suitability modeling.6124% of the catchment area of the Ronquillo River is highly suited for bund systems.6144% of the catchment area is highly suited for the implementation of terraces.61GIS-based MCE is a new approach in the promotion of SWCTs in Peru.

The importance of ecosystem services and their regional diversities in the Cheng-Yu Economic Zone were comprehensively assessed based on the analysis of biodiversity protection importance,water resources conservation importance,and soil protection importance. The results show that the area of extreme importance is 19,244.00 km2>/sup>,which accounts for 9.25% of the total area of the economic zone,including core habitats of organisms as well as extremely important water resources conservation areas and soil conservation areas. The area of importance is 46,814.76 km2>/sup>,accounting for 22.56% of the total area. The area of general importance is 141,344.08 km2>/sup>,accounting for 68.19% of the total area.

随着遥感技术的发展,以遥感数据作为生态系统监测与评价的基础已成为宏观生态学研究的重要手段.遥感数据 要求每一数据集都要有相应的地物分类体系与之匹配,这也造成不同遥感数据及分类体系之间相互独立.虽然体系间多有联系和相似之处,但不同数据集的分类体系 难以直接使用或替换,制约了多元数据在生态系统评价中的使用效果.为尝试解决这一问题,提高多源遥感数据的使用效率,提出了一套基于中分辨率遥感数据的生 态系统分类体系.这套体系共有9个一级类、21个二级类、46个三级类,该体系主要依据类别内生态系统特征的相似性,并考虑了气候、地形等因素.最后以海 南岛、内蒙古和甘肃3个省为例,探讨了以遥感数据为基础的区域生态系统构成分析方法与应用效果.研究表明,该分类体系有较好的生态学依据,可以支持更加深 入的生态系统评估.但分类体系中还存在遥感数据与生态因子数据尺度不匹配、不能满足小尺度研究中对三级类进一步细分的要求以及当前数据质量和模拟技术不足 以完全支持植被覆盖率反演精度要求等问题.

生物多样性和生态系统服务评估是生态系统管理与决策制定的重要依据,指标体系是开展评估的主要工具。中国在生物多样性与生态系统服务评估指标体系建设方面,由于没有形成统一的指标体系和技术方法,导致不同区域间的评估结果可比性差,区域和国家尺度上的集成研究难以开展。因此,构建一套适用于中国国家尺度的科学化、系统性和规范化的生物多样性和生态系统服务评估指标体系,便成为当前迫切需要研究解决的问题。本文参考国内外生物多样性与生态系统服务评估的主要研究成果,在充分考虑"生物多样性—生态系统结构—过程与功能—服务"级联关系基础上,建立了生物多样性与生态系统服务评估指标体系构建的主要原则,构建了中国生物多样性与生态系统服务评估指标体系。

Assessment of ecosystem services are more and more applied in natural resource management. In this paper, we applied the FoPIA approch to build different land use/land cover scenarios in Poyang Lake wetlands by 2020. Then, we used the scenario parameters and land use/land cover indexes as input into the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs model (InVEST). InVEST has been used to assess a typical village's habitat quality of migratory birds which is the biodiversity index of species in Poyang Lake wetlands. Results showed that: under the conversation scenario, the scale of habitat quality of migratory birds will be increased and the threat of human activities will be decreased obviously, influenced by ecological engineering, all these will making the average of habitat quality of the migratory birds in the typical village of Poyang Lake wetlands reach 0.89, showing an increase of 27.0%. Under the economic developing scenarios, human activities will be expanded and some of the superior quality habitat will be occupied by agriculture lands, therefore, the average habitat quality will decrease to 0.57, showing a decline of 14.0%. Under the nature developing scenarios, human activities will not change so much, and the average habitat quality is 0.66, showing an increase of 1.5%.

Land-use change has a significant impact on the world ecosystems. Changes in the extent and composition of forests, grasslands, wetlands and other ecosystems have large impacts on the provision of ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation and returns to landowners. While the change in private returns to landowners due to land-use change can often be measured, changes in the supply and value of ecosystem services and the provision of biodiversity conservation have been harder to quantify. In this paper we use a spatially explicit integrated modeling tool (InVEST) to quantify the changes in ecosystem services, habitat for biodiversity, and returns to landowners from land-use change in Minnesota from 1992 to 2001. We evaluate the impact of actual land-use change and a suite of alternative land-use change scenarios. We find a lack of concordance in the ranking of baseline and alternative land-use scenarios in terms of generation of private returns to landowners and net social benefits (private returns plus ecosystem service value). Returns to landowners are highest in a scenario with large-scale agricultural expansion. This scenario, however, generated the lowest net social benefits across all scenarios considered because of large losses in stored carbon and negative impacts on water quality. Further, this scenario resulted in the largest decline in habitat quality for general terrestrial biodiversity and forest songbirds. Our results illustrate the importance of taking ecosystem services into account in land-use and land-management decision-making and linking such decisions to incentives that accurately reflect social returns.

Soil loss by water is the most important eco-environmental threat in Marqya basin without conservation measures. Mapping the soil loss is a useful and necessary in planning and maintenance works in Ma

以RS、GIS和RUSLE模型为主要技术,选取典型的土壤侵蚀区福建省长汀县河田盆地区为研究区,通过对模型因子的合理选择,估算了该地区1988年、1998年和2010年的土壤侵蚀量,实现土壤侵蚀状况的定量评价和动态监测.结果表明:在1988年至2010年期间,研究区土壤侵蚀状况得到明显改善,平均土壤侵蚀模数由4259.11 t·km-2·a-1下降为1280.09 t·km-2·a-1,年侵蚀量由252.42万t下降至75.87万t；中度及其以上侵蚀面积由176 km2减少至62.69 km2,微度侵蚀面积由225.85 km2增加至358.9 km2.研究结果说明近22年来针对长汀河田盆地区土壤侵蚀的治理所采取的措施是卓有成效的.长汀河田盆地区水土流失进一步重点治理的区域应集中在盆地中心及其西北部等地区的高程低于400 m、植被覆盖度为20％-50％的地区.

Soil loss prediction models such as universal soil loss equation (USLE) and its revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) are the useful tools for risk assessment of soil erosion and planning of soil conservation at regional scale. To make a rational estimation of vegetation cover and management factor, the most important parameters in USLE or RUSLE, is particularly important for the accurate prediction of soil erosion. The traditional estimation based on field survey and measurement is time-consuming, laborious, and costly, and cannot rapidly extract the vegetation cover and management factor at macro-scale. In recent years, the development of remote sensing technology has provided both data and methods for the estimation of vegetation cover and management factor-over broad geographic areas. This paper summarized the research findings on the quantitative estimation of vegetation cover and management factor by using remote sensing data, and analyzed the advantages and the disadvantages of various methods, aimed to provide reference for the further research and quantitative estimation of vegetation cover and management factor at large scale.

为提高基于地理信息系统的区域土壤侵蚀研究、水土保持环境效应评价、流域水文分析等的应用效率,设计新的坡度坡长(LS)因子算法,利用正向-反向遍历算法取代原累积坡长算法,以获取区域尺度下的LS因子.实验结果表明,在计算精度允许的范围内,新算法使计算机运行效率有较大幅度的提高.

为全面认识与正确评价森林生态系统的水源涵养功能,本文探讨了其概念、表现形式及其计量方法,认为:1)森林的水源涵养功能是一个动态、综合的概念,随着人们对森林水文作用认识的不断深入,其内涵不断丰富扩大,因此森林的水源涵养功能概念存在狭义和广义之分;2)森林的水源涵养功能(广义)有多种表现形式,包括拦蓄降水、调节径流、影响降雨和净化水质等,不过其具体表现形式与研究对象、研究目的以及研究尺度有关;3)目前森林拦蓄降水功能的计量方法主要有土壤蓄水能力法、水量平衡法、年径流量法和多因子回归法等8种,不过这些方法都存在一定的局限性,实际应用中需要综合考虑。

森林生态系统对维持我国自然生态系统格局、功能和过程具有特殊的生态意义.客观衡量森林生态系统的服务效能,对于森林资源保护及其科学利用具有重要意义.论文在分析森林生态系统服务功能的基础上,根据其提供服务的机制、类型和效用,把森林生态系统的服务功能划分为提供产品、调节功能、文化功能和生命支持功能四大类,建立了由林木产品、林副产品、气候调节、光合固C、涵养水源、土壤保持、净化环境、养分循环、防风固沙、文化多样性、休闲旅游、释放氧气、维持生物多样性13项功能指标构成的森林生态系统评价指标体系,并对其中的10项功能指标以2000年为评价基准年份进行了初步评价.结果表明,森林生态系统10类生态系统服务功能的总生态经济价值为14 060.05×108元/a,其中直接价值和间接价值分别为2 519.45×108元和11540.60×108元,间接价值是直接价值的4.6倍.研究认为,森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评价工作应进一步加强森林生态系统服务功能机制的基础研究和不同尺度下空间数据的耦合和应用方法研究.