生态系统服务是指人类从自然生态系统中获得的惠益。加强气候变化背景下景观格局与生态系统服务的定量关系研究，在此基础上优化区域土地系统，是提高区域/景观提供生态系统服务能力的重要途径。评述了生态系统服务测量、相互关系和优化管理研究进展和存在的问题。强调生态系统服务物质量准确测量是价值化的基础，约束线方法在刻画生态系统服务相互关系的非线性特征和阈值方面具有较大潜力，应从人与环境耦合系统整体性出发，研发新一代的地球系统模式，在区域尺度上优化生态系统服务，这是实现区域可持续发展的景观可持续科学途径。

Ecosystem services refer to the benefits that humans obtain from natural ecosystems. Landscape pattern is closely related to ecosystem processes/functions. Understanding the quantitative relationship between landscape pattern and ecosystem services in the context of climate change is an important way to improve the ability of a region/landscape to provide ecosystem services. This article reviewed the progress and existing problems in the research field of ecosystem service measurement, mutual relationship and optimal management. This article emphasized that the accurate measurement of the amount of ecosystem services is the basis of valuing it, and the constraint line approach has great potential in portraying the nonlinear relationship and threshold characteristics of ecosystem services. It is necessary to start from the integrity of human-environment coupling system to develop a new generation of earth system models and optimize regional ecosystem services on this basis, which is a landscape sustainability science approach to achieve the goal of regional sustainable development.

模拟浙江东部沿海城市土地利用变化(LUCC)引起的生态系统服务价值(ESV)变化,对区域可持续发展和生态安全具有重要意义。本研究以浙江东南沿海城市为研究区,选取2000—2020年3期土地利用及政府统计年鉴为基础数据,分析期间LUCC对ESV的影响,利用PLUS模型模拟2030年自然发展、生态保护和城镇发展情景下LUCC,基于格网尺度分析ESV的空间分布和集聚程度,并明晰ESV的敏感性特征。结果表明: 2000—2020年,研究区建设用地面积呈显著增加趋势,而林地、耕地和水域面积明显减少,导致ESV呈持续下降趋势,减幅达160×10⁸元。2030年自然发展、生态保护和城镇发展情景下,建设用地分别增加93624、54927和111966 hm²,东部平原地区将成为建设用地扩张的集聚区;3种情景下的ESV分别为1693×10⁸、1729×10⁸和1688×10⁸元,均低于2020年ESV,生态保护情景下ESV下降速度放缓。研究区ESV呈现西高东低的空间分布特征,热点和冷点分布范围较大且集聚性较强,热点区域主要集中在西部,冷点区域主要分布在东部和北部。

识别生态系统服务簇及其演化轨迹对区域生态服务管理至关重要，但目前研究多基于历史时期或单一时间节点，对于生态系统服务簇进行情景分析的研究还较为欠缺。本文以宁夏平原为研究对象，首先基于CA-Markov模型对宁夏平原地区土地利用进行多情景模拟，然后使用价值当量因子法对生态系统服务价值进行核算，最后使用Pearson相关系数法分析各项生态系统服务价值间的权衡协同关系，使用K-Mean聚类分析及稳定隐射变化轨迹法识别生态系统服务簇及其演化轨迹。结果发现：不论是历史时期还是未来各种情景之下，宁夏平原土地利用面积转化及空间转置集中在林地、湿地与建设用地当中；除生态保护情景下宁夏平原生态系统服务价值将由116.75亿元增至135.25亿元，其余各情景以及历史时期均呈不同程度的下降趋势；在历史时期以及未来多情景下，宁夏平原各类型服务价值之间大部分呈协同关系，优势簇以食物生产为主导功能，且常年以此类型服务簇为主。

基于多源遥感数据支持,采用土地利用转移流和标准椭圆差等方法,分析了宁夏沿黄经济带生态用地演变特征及其驱动机制。结果表明：①生产和生活用地挤占生态用地现象明显,1980—2018年生态用地占比由71.68%降为66.35%。重点生态功能用地增加,形成了沙坡头、白芨滩以及银川平原中北部三个防护林带和黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持林区,银川平原湿地面积扩大,生态用地时空结构有所优化。②生态用地在空间上呈现为西南—东北方向变化趋势,且由早期“面域”调整转为后期“点域”优化。③生态用地变化体现为“驱动力—响应—结果”的驱动机制,城镇化和工业化、生态移民工程、绿洲农业发展是生态空间受到挤压的主因,生态建设与修复是优化生态用地格局与提升生态服务功能的重要举措。④基于土地利用转移流的驱动力溯源分析方法,为土地利用变化驱动因子及其定量测评提供新的分析视角与方法。

Exploring the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of ecological land,and can provide decision-making reference for ecological protection and construction of high-quality development pilot zone in the Yellow River Basin. Based on multi-source remote sensing data,land-use flow and standard ellipse difference are used to analyze the characteristics and driving mechanism of ecological land use evolution along the Yellow Economic Belt in Ningxia. The results show that: 1) The ratio of ecological land used for production and living decreases from 71.68% to 66.35% in 1980-2018. It shows a significant increase in term of the key ecological function land,due to the new shelterbelts in Shapotou,Baijitan,the middle and northern part of Yinchuan Plain,conservation forest in loess hilly-gully area,and the wetland area in Yinchuan plain. The temporal and spatial structure of ecological land is optimized. 2) The ecological land presents the spatial pattern of southwest-northeast direction,and changes from "slice" adjustment to "point" optimization in the later period. 3) The change of ecological land use is reflected as the dynamic-response-result mechanism. Urbanization and industrialization,ecological migration project and oasis agricultural development are the fundamental driving forces of ecological space squeezing. Ecological construction and restoration provide ecological security guarantee for regional development. 4) Based on the driving force traceability method of land use transfer flow,it provides a new perspective and method for the driving force of land use change and its quantitative evaluation.

Ecosystem service value is the base of decision-making for ecological protection, ecological regionalization and ecological compensation, and it appears the dynamic spatio-temporal changes which are closely connected with the variations of ecological structure and function. However, it is still lack of a universal and integrated dynamic evaluation method for ecosystem service value in China. Based on literature survey, expert knowledge, statistical data and remote sensing data, using model simulations and GIS spatial analysis method, this paper modified and developed the method for evaluating the value equivalent factor in unit area, and proposed an integrated method for dynamic evaluation on Chinese terrestrial ecosystem service value. This method can realize the comprehensive and dynamic assessment of ecosystem service value for 11 service types of 14 different types of terrestrial ecosystem at monthly and provincial scales in China. The preliminary application indicated that the total ecosystem service value was 38.1×10¹² yuan in 2010, in which the value from forest ecosystem was the highest, accounting for about 46%, followed by water body and grassland. Among different ecosystem service types, the contribution from regulation function was the highest, especially the values from hydrological regulation and atmospheric regulation which accounted for about 39.3% and 18.0% of total service value, respectively. Moreover, ecosystem service value presented apparent spatio-temporal patterns in China. Spatially, the ecosystem service value decreased from southeast to northwest and the highest value appeared in southeastern and southwestern regions. Temporally, the ecosystem service value for most of the ecosystems attained the peak in July and reached the trough during December and January except desert, barren and glacier ecosystem. Generally, although this established method still needs to be developed and optimized, it is the first to provide a relatively comprehensive approach for the spatio-temporal dynamic evaluation of ecosystem service value in China, which will be helpful to the scientific decision-making on natural capital rating and ecological compensation.

【目的】探究荒漠绿洲三生用地变化及其生态效应，可为黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展提供决策参考。【方法】本文以1990—2020年黄河上游荒漠绿洲区——银川市为例，提出了生态系统服务价值（ESV）当量因子的系数修订方法，建立了银川市与全国ESV当量因子的系数关系，分析了ESV对三生用地时空变化的响应特征。【结果】结果表明：①生态用地在银川市三生用地中比例最高，但研究时段内有所降低，由1990年的69.49%下降为2020年的57.68%，同期，生产用地稳中有增，由28.54%提升为32.52%，生活用地扩张迅速，由2.37%提升为9.81%；生活用地动态度变化剧烈，生产用地与生态用地动态度渐趋平缓。②1990—2020年ESV总量增加了38423.65万元，生态用地质量提升对ESV的增加效应大于生产用地和生活用地扩张导致的ESV降低效应；结构上，调节服务对ESV的贡献最大且持续提升，比例从1990年的82.29%增为2020年的83.76%，其他服务比例均有所降低。③城市扩张、能源基地建设、移民迁入等因素是导致ESV下降的重要原因，导致城区、宁东能源基地和重点移民迁入区ESV降低；生态建设是ESV的提升主因，白芨滩自然保护区、黄河生态带核心区以及贺兰山东麓葡萄长廊等区域的ESV增加明显。【结论】今后发展中，需要提升生活用地和生产用地的效率以降低其扩张速率，以降低挤占生态用地的压力，同时，需要持续改善生态用地质量，以促进荒漠绿洲生态系统健康可持续发展。

[Objective] Exploring the changes and ecological effects of the ecological land in the desert oasis area can provide a decision-making reference for the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. [Methods] Taking Yinchuan City, a desert oasis in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, as an example, this study put forward the coefficient revision method of ecological service value (ESV) equivalent factors, established the relationship of ESV equivalent factor coefficients between Yinchuan City and China nationwide, and analyzed the response characteristics of ESV to the spatial and temporal changes of production-living-ecological land. [Results] The results show that: (1) The proportion of ecological land was the highest among the production-living-ecological land in Yinchuan City, but this proportion decreased during the study period, from 69.49% in 1990 to 57.68% in 2020. During the same period, the production land increased steadily, from 28.54% to 32.52%, and the living land expanded rapidly, from 2.37% to 9.81%. The dynamic degree of living land changed dramatically, but the dynamic degree trends of production land and ecological land gradually became smooth. (2) During the study period, the total amount of ESV increased by 384.2365 million yuan, and the positive effect of ecological land quality improvement on ESV was greater than the negative effect of the expansion of production land and living land on ESV. The contribution of regulating services to ESV was the largest and continued to increase, with the proportion increasing from 82.29% in 1990 to 83.76% in 2020, but the proportion of other services had decreased. The negative supply services are mainly related to the increase of water-consuming crop planting. (3) Urban expansion, energy base construction, and migration into the city are important reasons for the decline in ESV, resulting in lower ESV in the urban area, the Ningdong energy base, and key immigration areas; ecological construction is the main reason for the increase in ESV, with significant increases in areas such as the Bailitan Nature Reserve, the core area of the Yellow River Ecological Belt, and the grape production corridor at the eastern foot of the Helan Mountains. [Conclusion] In future development, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of living land and production land use to reduce the pressure of their expansion on ecological land, and to continuously improve the quality of ecological land to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the desert oasis ecosystem.

海岛是陆地生态和海洋生态的汇合，海岛县是海陆生态空间复合系统。文章基于归一化植被指数（NDVI），运用生态系统服务价值（ESV）系数法，分析了1990—2018年中国12个海岛县植被动态和生态系统服务价值的变化。 结果表明：1990—2018年，中国12个海岛县的平均NDVI在0.347~0.380之间，整体上呈下降趋势；生态系统服务价值总额从1990年的8.27亿美元下降到2018年的8.21亿美元，呈现区域差异性。长海县、长岛县、崇明区、平潭县、岱山县、洞头区、嵊泗县和东山县8个海岛县的NDVI呈下降趋势，玉环市、定海区、普陀区和南澳县4个海岛县的NDVI呈增长状态；长海县、长岛县、平潭县、岱山县、东山县、洞头区和普陀区7个海岛县的ESV呈下降趋势，南澳县、定海区、玉环市、崇明区和嵊泗县5个海岛县的ESV呈增长状态。

Island is a combination of terrestrial ecology and marine ecology,and island county is a space composite system of terrestrial ecology and marine ecology. This paper analyzes the changes of vegetation dynamics and ecosystem service value in 12 island counties of China from 1990 to 2018 by using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the ecosystem service value (ESV) coefficient method. According to the research results,the average NDVI of China's 12 island counties was between 0.347 and 0.380,showing a downward trend on the whole,and the total ESV declined from USD 827 million to USD 821 million,showing regional difference in the period from 1990 to 2018. In the period above,the NDVI of eight island counties,including Changhai County,Changdao County,Chongming District,Pingtan County,Daishan County,Dongtou County,Shengsi County and Dongshan County,shows a downward trend while that of four island counties,including Yuhuan City,Dinghai District,Putuo District and Nanao County,was on the rise. The ESV of seven island counties,including Changhai County,Changdao County,Pingtan County,Daishan County,Dongshan County,Dongtou District and Putuo District showed a downward trend while that of five island counties,including Nanao County,Dinghai District,Yuhuan City,Chongming District and Shengsi County,was on the rise. The study on the temporal and spatial variations of NDVI and ESV in China's island counties will provide scientific reference for the modernization of China's island governance system and capacity.

土地系统运行以土地可持续利用与人类福祉为准绳。以全国最大的生态移民区红寺堡区为例,基于不同计量方法和GIS空间分析法,对红寺堡区2000—2018年的“三生”用地转型及生态服务变化进行定量研究。结果表明：（1） 红寺堡区基本形成以中部灌区生活生产、生产生态空间为主,周边为生态空间的“三生”格局,国土开发格局逐渐优化。（2） 生产生态用地减少3.42×10⁴ hm²,生态用地增加1.24×10⁴ hm²,生态生产用地增加0.16×10⁴ hm²,生活生产用地增加2.02×10⁴ hm²。（3） 生态系统服务价值共增加11.18×10⁸元。植被恢复是生态系统服务价值增加的主因,而建设用地对其他用地的侵占则是导致生态系统服务价值降低的主因。（4） 协同推进山水林田湖草治理,做好已有生态用地的质量提升和绿地生态网络建设,通过优化生态系统服务结构提升区域生态系统的服务功能,从而实现生产空间的集约化发展、生态空间的提质增效及生活空间的优美宜居。