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Remote Sensing for Natural Resources    2025, Vol. 37 Issue (6) : 275-285     DOI: 10.6046/zrzyyg.2024358
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Spatiotemporal characteristics of the surface urban heat island effect in Tianjin City based on ECOSTRESS data
QIN Jiakai1(), ZHU Zhongli1(), WU Qingxia1, ZHANG Kaili2
1. State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Hazards Risk Governance (ESPHR), Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2. School of Remote Sensing & Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Abstract  

With the continuous advancement of urbanization, the local thermal environments and microclimates of cities have undergone varying degrees of change, leading to the surface urban heat island (SUHI) effect. Based on the ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) data and local climate zones (LCZs), this study investigated the diurnal variations of the SUHI effect in Tianjin City, the contributions of various LCZs to the SUHI effect during daytime and nighttime, and the SUHI gradient attenuation differences. The results indicate that the central urban area of Tianjin exhibited significant diurnal variations in the SUHI effect, reaching a minimum value of 0.14 at 3:00 and a maximum value of 3.56 at 13:00, with an average diurnal-nocturnal difference of 1.59. On a daily scale, the contributions of various LCZs to the SUHI effect displayed notable intra-class and inter-class differences. Generally, LCZ1 (compact high-rise buildings) and LCZ2 (compact mid-rise buildings) showed thermal difference indices (TDIs) of 2.10 and 2.13, respectively, serving as the primary heat sources. In contrast, LCZA (dense trees) and LCZG (water bodies) yielded TDIs of 0.89 and 0.85, respectively, serving as the primary cold sources. Notably, the roles of LCZ7 (lightweight low-rise buildings), LCZA, and LCZG as cold/heat sources changed significantly during daytime and nighttime. A pronounced SUHI gradient effect was observed in the central urban area of Tianjin, with the SUHI intensity negatively correlated with the distance from the urban center, building height, and building density. The Moran’s I of the SUHI effect was 0.70 during daytime and 0.84 during nighttime, indicating that the SUHI effect exhibited stronger spatial aggregation and gradient effect during nighttime. Overall, by analyzing the diurnal dynamic changes of the SUHI effect and the contributions of various LCZs to the SUHI effect, this study reduces the errors associated with previous analyses that rely solely on fixed-time images. It provides a novel insight into understanding urban planning and sustainable development policies. Moreover, this study can be referenced for alleviating the SUHI effect and improving the livability and sustainable development of cities.
Keywords local climate zone (LCZ)      ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS)      diurnal variation      gradient effect      surface urban heat island (SUHI)     
ZTFLH:  TP79  
Issue Date: 31 December 2025
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Jiakai QIN
Zhongli ZHU
Qingxia WU
Kaili ZHANG
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Jiakai QIN,Zhongli ZHU,Qingxia WU, et al. Spatiotemporal characteristics of the surface urban heat island effect in Tianjin City based on ECOSTRESS data[J]. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2025, 37(6): 275-285.
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https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/10.6046/zrzyyg.2024358     OR     https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/Y2025/V37/I6/275
Fig.1  Boundary of study area
北京
时刻		 北京日期 ECOSTRESS
影像时刻
(UTC)		 ECOSTRESS
影像日期
(UTC)		 昼夜
00:54 2022年05月22日 16:54 2022年05月21日 夜间
04:11 2020年07月15日 20:11 2020年07月14日 夜间
08:00 2023年06月15日 00:00 2023年06月15日 日间
09:30 2019年09月02日 01:30 2019年09月02日 日间
10:14 2022年08月10日 02:14 2022年08月10日 日间
18:19 2023年07月19日 10:19 2023年07月19日 日间
21:43 2022年05月29日 13:43 2022年05月29日 夜间
Tab.1  Acquisition times of ECOSTRESS data
建成景观 描述 自然景观 描述
高密度的高层建筑(>10层),少或无绿地。 高密度树木,土地覆盖多为低矮植物。
高密度的中层建筑(3~9层),少或无绿地。 低密度林地,地表覆盖多为低矮植被。
高密度的低层建筑(1~3层),少或无绿地。 灌木和矮小树木开放排列。土地覆盖多为裸露土壤或沙子。
低密度的高层建筑(>10层),丰富的树木和植被。 草或草本植物、农作物的无特征景观,很少或没有树木。
低密度的中层建筑(3~9层),丰富的树木和植被。 岩石或铺砌覆盖物的无特色景观。很少或没有植被。
低密度的低层建筑(1~3层),丰富的树木和植被。 土壤或沙子覆盖的无特征景观。很少或没有树木或植物。
高密度单层建筑(1~2层),少树木,地表覆盖多为硬土。 大型、开放的水体区域,如海洋、湖泊、河流、水库等。
低密度的大型低层建筑(1~3层),几乎没有树木,地表覆盖多为硬化地面。
低密度的中小型建筑,丰富的植被。
中低层重工业建筑(塔、罐、烟囱),少树木,地表覆盖多为硬化地面。
Tab.2  Local climate zone definition
Fig.2  Local climate zone classification of study area
等级 划分标准 等级 划分标准
强冷岛 SUHI<-5 弱热岛 $1\le SUHI<3$
较强冷岛 $-5\le SUHI<-3$ 较强热岛 $3\le SUHI<5$
弱冷岛 $-3\le SUHI<-1$ 强热岛 $SUHI\ge 5$
中温区 $-1\le SUHI<1　$
Tab.3  Classification standards for surface urban heat island levels
Fig.3  Spatial distribution of urban heat island intensity at different times
时间 强冷岛 较强
冷岛		 弱冷岛 中温区 弱热岛 较强
热岛		 强热岛
0:54 0.06 0.47 16.20 44.76 35.37 3.10 0.04
4:11 0.01 0.47 21.82 45.60 27.86 4.17 0.08
8:00 0.01 2.37 13.76 32.50 38.20 10.70 2.46
9:30 0.01 2.66 14.42 28.78 30.76 16.52 6.85
10:14 0.00 0.67 16.87 26.48 22.03 14.79 19.14
18:19 0.01 0.86 13.42 32.26 26.95 20.60 5.90
21:43 0.29 3.44 14.50 34.31 28.79 17.61 1.06
Tab.4  Proportion of each urban heat island level at different times (%)
Fig.4  The comparison of ERA5-LAND temperature variation and diurnal SUHI temperature interpolation
Fig.5  Contribution of inter-class heat island intensity based on LCZ
Fig.6  Contribution of intra-class heat island intensity based on LCZ
时刻 I值 Z值 P值
00:54 0.96 464.24 <0.01
04:11 0.66 345.88 <0.01
08:00 0.73 442.06 <0.01
09:30 0.76 583.45 <0.01
10:14 0.69 792.32 <0.01
18:19 0.64 458.76 <0.01
21:43 0.90 548.91 <0.01
Tab.5  Spatial autocorrelation index of temperature in the central urban area of Tianjin City
Fig.7  Gradient Variation of SUHI
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