1989—2021年中国大陆海岸带潮滩、海岸线、养殖水体遥感观测

doi:10.6046/zrzyyg.2022471

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海岸带是世界上容纳人口最多的区域,其生态系统受到人类活动的强烈影响。潮滩、海岸线、养殖水体变化是海岸带生态系统健康监测的重要要素。由于潮汐作用,海陆水边线处于动态变化状态,是应用遥感技术进行潮滩、海岸线检测的主要难点,故通过综合Landsat4/5/7/8和Sentinel-2A/B卫星遥感数据对1989—2021年间中国大陆海岸带潮滩、海岸线、养殖水体进行了7期监测,发挥了多源卫星观测频次高的优势,通过检测不同潮位的水边线实现潮滩、海岸线、养殖水体的识别。结果表明: 针对不同水色的海水应选用不同的水体指数组合,对于清澈或低浑浊度的海水,应分别采用修正的水体指数(modified normalized difference water index,mNDWI)与归一化差值水体指数(normalized difference water index,NDWI)检测高潮位、低潮位水边线,有效提高潮滩检测的可靠性,检测的潮滩面积比通常仅用mNDWI指数检测的潮滩面积大122%; 对于高浑浊度海水(浙江省、江苏省和上海市),应采用mNDWI进行高潮位、低潮位水边线的检测,以避免NDWI将高浑浊度海水误识别为潮滩,对养殖水体应采用NDWI检测。1989—2021年,中国大陆海岸带发生了巨大变化,潮滩快速消失,养殖水体面积和海岸线长度增加,整个中国大陆海岸带的潮滩减少率、海岸线长度和养殖水体增加率平均分别为46.2%,34.4%和149.3%,潮滩面积减少了7 173.2 km²,海岸线长度增加5 320.5 km,养殖水体面积增加了9 046.5 km²。北方省份或城市遭受的潮滩损失比南方省份或城市更严重。以1989—2021年潮滩平均减少率计算,辽宁省、河北省和天津市、山东省的潮滩将分别在27 a,10 a和22 a内完全消失。潮滩和养殖水体的面积变化高度负相关,表明养殖水体的扩展是潮滩减少的重要驱动因素。

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	闫柏琨
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	郭艺
	白娟

关键词 ：海岸带, 潮滩, 海岸线, 河口

Abstract：

Coastal zones are the world’s most populated areas, with their ecosystems being strongly influenced by human activities. Tidal flats, shorelines, and aquacultural water bodies are critical elements in monitoring the health of coastal zone ecosystems. However, the dynamic changes in the waterlines between land and sea areas caused by tidal effects make it challenging to detect tidal flats and shorelines using the remote sensing technology. By integrating Landsat4/5/7/8 and Sentinel-2A/B satellite remote sensing images, this study conducted seven phases (1989—2021) of monitoring of tidal flats, shorelines, and aquacultural water bodies along coastal zones in China mainland. By taking advantage of the high frequency of multi-source satellite observations, this study identified tidal flats, shorelines, and aquacultural water bodies by detecting the waterlines at different tidal levels. The results are as follows: ① Seawater of different colors requires different combinations of water body indices. For clear or low-turbidity seawater, this study selected the modified normalized difference water index (mNDWI) and the normalized difference water index (NDWI) to detect the waterlines at high and low tidal levels, respectively. This improved the reliability of tidal flat detection, with the detected tidal flat area being 122% larger than that detected only using the mNDWI. For high-turbidity seawater (in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Shanghai), this study selected mNDWI to detect the waterlines at high and low tidal levels, avoiding misidentifying high-turbidity seawater as tidal flats using NDWI. Besides, this study selected NDWI to detect aquacultural water bodies. ② During 1989—2021, coastal zones in China mainland changed significantly, as evidenced by rapidly decreased tidal flats and increased aquacultural water bodies and shorelines. The decreased rate of tidal flats and the increased rates of shorelines and aquacultural water bodies along the coastal zones averaged 46.2%, 34.4%, and 149.3%, respectively. Correspondingly, the tidal flat area decreased by 7 173.2 km², while the the shoreline length and aquacultural water body area increased by 5 320.5 km and 9 046.5 km², respectively. Provinces or cities in northern China suffered more tidal flat losses than those in southern China. Based on the average decrease rate of tidal flats during 1989—2021, tidal flats in Liaoning, Hebei and Tianjin, and Shandong will disappear within 27 a, 10 a, and 22 a, respectively. ③ The area changes between tidal flats and aquacultural water bodies are highly negatively correlated, indicating that the expansion of aquacultural water bodies is a critical driving factor for the decrease in tidal flats.

Key words： coastal zone tidal flat shoreline estuary

收稿日期: 2022-12-05 出版日期: 2023-09-19

ZTFLH:

TP79

基金资助:国家重点研发计划项目“河口三角洲生态环境地球观测应用研究”(2019YFE0127200)

作者简介: 闫柏琨(1977-),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事遥感水文研究。Email: 55561161@qq.com。

引用本文:

闫柏琨, 甘甫平, 印萍, 葛晓立, 郭艺, 白娟. 1989—2021年中国大陆海岸带潮滩、海岸线、养殖水体遥感观测[J]. 自然资源遥感, 2023, 35(3): 53-63.
YAN Bokun, GAN Fuping, YIN Ping, GE Xiaoli, GUO Yi, BAI Juan. Remote sensing observations of tidal flats, shorelines, and aquacultural water bodies along coastal zones in China mainland during 1989—2021. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2023, 35(3): 53-63.

链接本文:

https://www.gtzyyg.com/CN/10.6046/zrzyyg.2022471 或 https://www.gtzyyg.com/CN/Y2023/V35/I3/53

Fig.1 潮滩、海岸线和养殖水体检测流程

Fig.2 不同水色NDWI与mNDWI水体指数对比

Fig.3 使用不同水体指数检测潮滩对比

Fig.4 典型区2021年潮滩、海岸线和养殖水体分布

Fig.5 广西珍珠湾2021年潮滩、海岸线和养殖水体检测结果与高分影像目视解译结果对比

Fig.6 中国大陆海岸带2021年潮滩、海岸线和养殖水体统计

Fig.7 潮滩、海岸线和养殖水体变化统计

Fig.8 潮滩与养殖水体面积相关关系

Fig.9 潮滩面积分省/区/市统计及与其他结果对比

Fig.10 典型区潮滩分布对比

Fig.11 养殖水体面积统计及与其他结果对比

Fig.12 东营潮位年内变化与卫星有效观测时的潮位变化对比

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