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Remote Sensing for Land & Resources    2019, Vol. 31 Issue (1) : 255-263     DOI: 10.6046/gtzyyg.2019.01.33
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Morphological features and spatial distribution of the lunar Copernican secondary craters
Ke ZHANG1,2, Jianzhong LIU1,2(), Weiming CHENG2,3
1.Lunar and Planetary Science Research Center, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Abstract  

Lunar secondary crater, a kind of geological feature that is easily confused with the primary craters on the Moon, can introduce significant errors in lunar dating. However, it can be used to determine the impact direction of the primary crater, so it is important to identify secondary craters. In this paper, based on remote sensing data and topography data, comprehensive consideration of the spatial location and diameter of the lunar primary crater, the authors selected five typical Copernican primary craters to study the quantitative morphological indices so as to characterize their secondary craters, including depth-diameter ratio, rim height-diameter ratio, irregularity, and ellipticity. On such a basis, the intelligent identification, extraction and spatial distribution of secondary craters were studied. As a result, a total of 17 811 secondary craters were detected, from which a geodatabase was established that included five categories according to location, size, morphological indices, distance, and impact direction of secondary craters. The scale and distribution characteristics of secondary craters were studied based on the distance range from primary crater edge. A new method based on secondary crater major axis was developed. Some conclusions have been reached: ① As for craters size, the lunar mare secondary crater diameter is (2.7±0.11)% of its primary crater diameter, the lunar highland secondary crater diameter is (3±0.3)% of its primary crater diameter. The spatial distribution law is consistent between lunar highland and lunar mare. The secondary distribution distance is (57±7)% of the maximum distribution distance. ②The impact direction of the Tycho crater is W-E. The impact directions of the Copernicus crater and the Kepler crater are SE-NW. The impact directions of the Aristarchus crater and the Jackson crater are NW-SE. This study will be helpful for more accurate study of crater impact direction.
Keywords secondary crater      Copernican      morphology index      secondary crater geodatabase      spatial distribution      impact direction     
:  TP79P691  
Corresponding Authors: Jianzhong LIU     E-mail: liujianzhong@mail.gyig.ac.cn
Issue Date: 14 March 2019
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Ke ZHANG
Jianzhong LIU
Weiming CHENG
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Ke ZHANG,Jianzhong LIU,Weiming CHENG. Morphological features and spatial distribution of the lunar Copernican secondary craters[J]. Remote Sensing for Land & Resources, 2019, 31(1): 255-263.
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https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/10.6046/gtzyyg.2019.01.33     OR     https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/Y2019/V31/I1/255
参数 Copernicus撞击坑 Tycho撞击坑 Jackson撞击坑 Aristarchus撞击坑 Kepler撞击坑
经度 20°W 11.2°W 163.1°W 47.4°W 38°W
纬度 9.7°N 43.3°S 22.4°N 23.7°N 8.1°N
年代/Ma 800±40 109±4 80150 450 625950
直径/km 93 86 71 40 32
空间位置 位于风暴洋的中东部,雨海的南边,靠近月球赤道地区 位于月球正面南纬45°S的南部山地 位于月球背面的北半球 位于风暴洋的中部,月球正面的中低纬度地区 位于风暴洋和岛海之间,月球正面的北东侧
Tab.1  Five typical Copernican primary craters and their characteristics
Fig.1  Spatial locations of the five Copernican lunar primary craters and the maximum distribution range of their secondary craters
指标参数 用途 公式①
不规则度(Γ) 分析坑缘不规则的程度 Γ=P2πA　
椭圆度(ei) 坑缘的延展程度 ei=π(L/2)2A
深径比(t) 分析次级坑的深浅程度 t=HD
坑缘高度与直径比(y) 撞击坑隆起高度 y=hD
Tab.2  Morphological parameters of the secondary craters
指标参数 研究学者 范围 本文界定范围
不规则度 Zhou 等[24] 1.041.30
Γ≥1.02
Calef 等[25] 1.06±0.05
椭圆度 Guo 等[26] 01.20
ei≥1.20
Nagumo等[27] ≥1.20
深径比 Moutsoulas等[28] 0.120.15
Basilevsky等[29] 0.0250.130
0.07≤t<0.20
Grant等[30] 0.07
Pike[31] 0.1040.173±0.040
坑缘高度与直径比 Watters[32] 0.030.04
Pike[31] 0.020.04 0.02≤y≤0.04
Pike[33] 0.02
Tab.3  Range of morphological parameters used to identify secondary craters
Fig.2  Secondary crater distribution in the distribute range of the secondary craters about the five Copernican primary craters
指标 属性类型 Copernicus次级坑 … Tycho次级坑 … Jackson次级坑 … Aristarchus次级坑 … Kepler次级坑
FID 1 1 1 1 1
位置 中心点经度 13.55°N 27.55°S 19.10°N 25.09°N 13.09°N
中心点纬度 29.54°W 22.65°W 166.85°W 41.67°W 35.90°W
大小 面积/km2 2.23 4.48 3.63 0.20 0.59
周长/km 5.74 7.84 7.10 1.67 2.82
直径/km 1.69 2.39 2.15 0.51 0.87
深度/m 275.0 252.0 274.5 73.5 67.0
边缘高度/m 53.40 67.35 59.04 12.16 22.32
主轴长度/km 2.10 3.15 2.63 0.67 1.03
副轴长度/km 1.60 2.16 2.11 0.46 0.76
形状 不规则度 1.080 1.045 1.050 1.042 1.040
椭圆度 1.56 1.74 1.50 1.69 1.42
深径比 0.166 0.105 0.130 0.140 0.080
坑缘高度与
直径比		 0.031 0.028 0.027 0.024 0.260
距离 距主坑中心
距离/km		 311.10 570.00 139.25 181.20 105.69
方向 主轴方向/° 66.72 -66.76 -25.78 38.03 -62.74
Tab.4  Secondary craters geodatabase attribute
Fig.3  Relationship between the different radius from the main crater rim crest and secondary crater diameter
Fig.4  Relationship of secondary crater number with different secondary crater diameter and distance
Fig.5  Comprehensive interpretation of determining the impact directions
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