1. School of Atmospheric and Remote Sensing, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China 2. School of Urban and Environmental Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
Buildings are important urban components because they serve as the carrier and represent the image of a city. Establishing the 3D models of buildings is a critical base for constructing digital, virtual, and smart cities. However, existing 3D modeling methods of buildings suffer the shortcomings such as high cost, tedious and complex operations, and high labor intensity. Given this, this study proposed a method for 3D modeling of urban buildings based on multi-source data integration. Meanwhile, this study achieved the automatic construction of the 3D models of buildings using the GIS modeling technology. The main principles and operations of the modeling method are as follows. First, high-resolution satellite remote sensing images, electronic maps of building contours, and panoramic images were integrated and preprocessed on a remote sensing and GIS integration platform to extract buildings’ spatial and attribute information such as geometric boundaries, height, floor number, and roof type. Next, this study proposed a scheme for modeling the main structures of buildings based on the constructive solid geometry (CSG) method. Then, the automatic construction of the 3D models of buildings was achieved using the GIS modeling technology, as well as multiple tools in the ArctoolBox window, such as combined data processing, file conversion, spatial analysis, 3D analysis, and scripts and programs. Afterward, the 3D models of buildings were visualized using the texture mapping technology. Finally, the north campus of Huaiyin Normal University was selected to verify the modeling method proposed in this study. As indicated by the analysis of modeling process and visualization effects, the modeling method proposed in this study is characterized by low cost, simple operations, and high automatic degree and can meet the high requirements of accuracy. Meanwhile, this method has great visualization effects and can provide reliable technical solutions for the 3D modeling and visualization of large-scale urban buildings.
Wan G, Chen G, You X. Research on geometry modeling of terrain features in virtual city[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2002, 31(1):60-65.
Zhou G Q, Huang Y, Yue T, et al. Hybrid modeling for urban buildings based on textures and SCSG-BRs representation[J]. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2018, 20(4):543-551.
Miao Y W, Wang X, Chen J Z, et al. Single image based interactive modeling for modular architectures using imaging consistency[J]. Journal of Computer-Aided Design and Computer Graphics, 2018, 30(11):2001-2010.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1089.2018.17033
Zhu S G, He K, Zhou J Z. Research on the application of Leica 3D laser scanning system in the fine modeling of buildings[J]. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2018(2):154-156.
Ren C, Gao L M, Feng Y L, et al. An attempt of building 3D modeling based on UAV tilt photography[J]. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2019(2):161-164.
Zhu Q W, Ma Y J. Application and research of building modeling based on 3D laser scanner[J]. Geography and Geo -Information Science, 2014, 30(6):31-35.
Li L L, Jiang W S. Automatic recognition and reconstruction of building roof models with LiDAR cloud points based on contours clustering[J]. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2013(10):23-25,29.
He Y R, Zheng Y M, Pan H P, et al. Real three-dimensional modeling and application of complex construction based on the point cloud data[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2016, 31(6):1091-1099.
Shi W Z, Cao H, Zhang J Q. 3D urban building modeling based on high resolution satellite images[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2004, 29(9):783-786.
Yang L, Zhang J Q. Model-based semi-automated building reconstruction from aerial images[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications, 2008, 44(33):10-12.
Wang J Q, Zhong C X, Jiang L J, et al. 3D city modeling construction based on multi-view aerial images[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2014, 39(3):70-74.
Sui M M, Wei Y N, Cheng S, et al. A method of establishing 3D model of buildings based on single image measurement across multiple planes[J]. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2013, 29(6):6-9.
Ai H B, Dong Y Q, Wang Q D, et al. Study of semantic modeling framework-based method for 3D building reconstruction using oblique aerial images[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2019, 44(6):151-158.
Cheng L, Gong J Y, Li M C, et al. 3D building model reconstruction from multi-view aerial images and LiDAR data[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2009, 38(6):494-501.
Lu C Y, Wei H Y, Li J Y. IMAGIS application in city three-dimensional modeling:Taking Binzhou convention and exhibition center as the example[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2011, 36(6):270-272.
Cheng P G, Li Z R, Nie Y J. Research and implementation of batch rapid 3D modeling method for urban village[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2019, 44(4):48-54.
Xu H W, Fan X H, Ren J Y, et al. Research on 3D visualization of digital city based on SketchUp and ArcGIS[J]. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2010(3):52-54.
Xu H W, Fang X L, Ren J Y, et al. 3D modeling technique of digital city based on SketchUp[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2011, 36(1):213-214,189.
Zhan Z Q, Li Y H, Gui X Y. Building reconstruction based on oblique photogrammetry and SketchUp secondary development[J]. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2017(5):71-74.
Ren C, Gao L M, Feng Y L, et al. An attempt of building 3D modeling based on UAV tilt photography[J]. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2019(2):161-164.
Yu Z D, Li H, Ba F, et al. 3D city model construction based on a consumer-grade UAV[J]. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2018, 30(2):67-72.doi: 10.6046/gtzyyg.2008.02.09.
doi: 10.6046/gtzyyg.2008.02.09
Wang Y, Zeng Z. An automatic repairing technology of 3D model for blind area in oblique photography based on close range image[J]. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2021, 33(1):72-77.doi: 10.6046/gtzyyg.2020172.
doi: 10.6046/gtzyyg.2020172
Wang S Z, Zheng G Q, Wang G S, et al. Building fine modeling based on multi-source point cloud data fusion[J]. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2020(8):28-32,38.
Sun S M, Huang T J, Sun Y. Construction and application of high-precision three-dimensional monomerization model for urban scenes[J]. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2021(1):108-111.