基于倾斜摄影测量的三维景观指数构建——以山东田横岛为例

doi:10.6046/zrzyyg.2022163

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摘要

景观指数是用以反映景观生态结构的组成和空间配置特征的定量指标。当前的景观指数体系普遍建立在对二维空间特性的表征上,评价结果难以准确反映真实三维景观系统的格局与构成,亟需一套描述海岛三维景观特征的指标体系及全过程评价方法。以山东省田横岛为例,基于无人机倾斜摄影测量点云,采用深度学习方法进行点云分类处理,构建了一套涵盖类型及景观尺度的6个三维景观基础指标用以定量化描述海岛三维景观特征,并建立了评价人类建设活动对海岛生态系统影响程度的建筑物景观指数。结果表明: 基于三维景观基础指标分析,田横岛建筑物三维体量较低且空间分布较为密集,高大植被类型具有较高的隔离度、规律性和空间聚集性,低矮的植被类型则多样性、紧凑性和连通性更大; 由于存在维度差异,三维景观指数比二维景观指数包含了更多的空间信息且受地面起伏影响程度较大; 同一景观类型下,形状指数TLSI对于高度变化更为灵敏(灵敏度指数为7.480); 同一景观指数下,建筑物类型较空间特征不规律的植被变化更大(灵敏度指数为5.861),且受建筑物设计特征的影响; 田横岛三维建筑物指数TBI为0.523,其大小随着建筑物的愈加密集、复杂而增加,较建筑物密度指数和空间拥堵指数可更好表达人工构筑物对海岛三维景观格局特征的影响程度。研究旨在为基于现代测绘技术支持下的三维景观指数构建、发展三维空间景观规划与管理评价体系提供方法学支撑和案例研究。

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	王珏
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关键词 ：三维景观指数, 倾斜摄影测量, 建筑物景观指数, 海岛, 三维景观格局

Abstract：

Landscape indices are quantitative indices used to reflect the composition and spatial configuration of a landscape ecological structure. Current landscape index systems are generally constructed based on the characterization of 2D spatial characteristics, thus their evaluation results fail to accurately reflect the pattern and composition of a real 3D landscape system. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to develop an index system used to describe the 3D landscape characteristics of islands and a whole-process evaluation method. With Tianheng Island in Shandong Province as a case study and based on the point clouds of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tilt photogrammetry, as well as the classification and processing of point clouds using the deep learning method, this study constructed six basic 3D landscape indices covering type and landscape scales to quantitatively describe the 3D landscape features of the island. Moreover, this study established the building landscape indices to evaluate the impacts of the construction activities of human beings on the island ecosystem. The results are as follows: ① As revealed by the analysis of basic 3D landscape indices, the buildings on Tianheng Island are characterized by small 3D volumes and dense spatial distribution. Furthermore, tall vegetation exhibits high isolation, regularity, and spatial aggregation, while low vegetation exhibits high diversity, compactness, and connectivity; ② Due to the difference in dimension, 3D landscape indices contain more spatial information than 2D landscape indices and are greatly affected by terrain undulation; ③ In the case of the same landscape type, the landscape shape index (TLSI) is more sensitive to the change in height (sensitivity index: 7.480). In the case of the same landscape index, the building type changes more greatly than vegetation with irregular spatial characteristics (sensitivity index: 5.861) and is influenced by the design characteristics of buildings; ④ Tianheng Island has a 3D building index (TBI) of 0.523, which increases with an increase in the density and complexity of buildings. Compared with building density and spatial congestion indices, TBI can better reflect the influence of artificial structures on the 3D landscape pattern of the island. This study aims to provide methodological support and a case study for the construction of 3D landscape indices based on modern surveying and mapping technology, as well as the planning of 3D spatial landscapes and the development of their management and evaluation system.

Key words： 3D landscape index tilt photogrammetry building landscape index island 3D landscape pattern

收稿日期: 2022-04-22 出版日期: 2023-07-07

ZTFLH:	TP79
	P901

基金资助:时空演变规律及调控对策研究”(42171292);外交部亚洲专项资金项目“海洋空间规划产品研发”(WJ0922011);中国海洋发展基金会国际合作项目“中泰海洋空间规划合作研究”(B19029)

通讯作者: 郭振(1983-),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向为海洋空间规划。Email: guozhen@fio.org.cn。

作者简介: 王珏(1998-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为3S技术在海洋空间规划中的应用。Email: wangj98sd@outlook.com。

引用本文:

王珏, 郭振, 张志卫, 徐文学, 许昊. 基于倾斜摄影测量的三维景观指数构建——以山东田横岛为例[J]. 自然资源遥感, 2023, 35(2): 112-121.
WANG Jue, GUO Zhen, ZHANG Zhiwei, XU Wenxue, XU Hao. Construction of 3D landscape indices based on tilt photogrammetry: A case study of Tianheng Island in Shandong Province. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2023, 35(2): 112-121.

链接本文:

https://www.gtzyyg.com/CN/10.6046/zrzyyg.2022163 或 https://www.gtzyyg.com/CN/Y2023/V35/I2/112

Fig.1 田横岛地理位置示意图

Fig.2 田横岛三维透视图

Fig.3 田横岛局部三维透视图

Fig.4 田横岛土地利用类型

Fig.5 三维景观指数构建技术流程

Fig.6 田横岛DSM

Fig.7 田横岛点云分类

景观尺度	指数名称	计算公式	公式说明
类型	三维斑块密度TPD	$T P D = N i V i$	描述单位体积上的斑块数,是描述景观破碎化的重要基础指标,表示三维景观内的空间异质性和均匀性
	三维形状指数TLSI	$T L S I = 0.25 S i L V i V i$	描述斑块形状与相同面积的规则圆形或正方形之间的偏差,测量其形状复杂程度
	三维斑块占比指数TPLAND	$T P L A N D = S i E ×$ 100%	描述各景观类别在海岛区域景观格局中的比重,量化了各斑块类型在景观中的比例丰度
	三维最大斑块指数TLPI	$T L P I = V m a x V ×$ 100%	描述各类景观中最大斑块所占该类景观的体积之比,有助于确定景观的优势类型,其大小决定着景观的丰富度或地物占比情况
景观	斑块占比 $P i$	$P i = V i V$	i类斑块所占体积比,反映斑块类型(类)占景观的比例,是景观多样性统计中的基础
	三维香农多样性指数TSHDI	$T S H D I = - ∑ i = 1 m (P i l n P i)$	减去所有斑块类型中各斑块类型的丰度比例乘以该比例的总和,用以表示海岛区域内不同斑块类型的多少,即丰富度问题
	三维香农均匀度指数TSHEI	$T S H E I = - l n m ∑ i = 1 m (P i l n P i)$	香农多样性指数除以给定景观丰度下的最大可能多样性,TSHEI=0表明景观仅由一种斑块组成,无多样性; TSHEI=1表明各斑块类型均匀分布,有最大多样性
其他	BCR	$B C R = E b V b$	建筑物表面积和建筑物体积之间的量度
	MBSI	$M B S I = S b h$	建筑物面积和建筑物高度比值
	PR	$P R = V b V$	区域内的地上建筑物总面积与净用地面积的比率
	TBI	$T B I = B C R + 103 / M B S I + P R$	描述景观尺度内建筑物空间分布格局对原有空间的影响程度
	BVD	$B V D = ∑ p = 1 k S p - H p S$	用于量化建筑物密度程度的指数,其值高度依赖于岛屿的总面积
	SCD	$S C D = ∑ p = 1 k V p A m a x {H p}$	所有建筑物的体积累加值占研究区体积的百分比,反映了三维空间中建筑物的拥堵

Tab.1 三维景观指数公式及说明

Tab.2 不同尺度指数计算结果

Tab.3 二维、三维指数计算结果对比

Fig.8 情景模型概念图

Fig.9 情景分析结果

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