Forest ecosystems, which constitute a major part of the terrestrial biosphere, play an important role in terrestrial carbon cycling and storage. However, the accuracy of regional forest carbon-flux estimation is greatly influenced by the lack of forest disturbance data. After reviewing the monitoring methods and index, the authors compared several disturbance monitoring indices. The current study of forest disturbance based on long time series is mainly conducted by North America countries, and China's research work in this aspect is very rare. Therefore, on account of characteristics of China's forest change, it is of important theoretic significance and application value to develop a disturbance monitoring method applicable to China's forest by combining a long time series disturbance analysis method and a appropriate monitoring index.

Snow depth(SD)and snow water equivalent(SWE)are key parameters in hydrology and climate research,especially in the snowstorm monitoring. In this paper,the authors first provided a brief background of the physical basis of the SD and SWE inversion algorithm,i.e., the snow microwave radiative transfer model,and discussed the snow microwave radiation and scattering in different microwave frequencies. After that, the former snow estimation inversion algorithms were reviewed, which can be categorized into two types: linear brightness temperature gradient and prior knowledge-based from mathematical methods. The advantages and limitations of the two algorithms were summarized. The linear brightness temperature gradient method is easier and runs faster,but it only suits specific study areas. For the establishment of a prior knowledge-based model,researchers need to obtain the sample data and repeated training so as to achieve higher accuracy. However, the model requires the independence and significant mean difference of the samples. The SD and SWE inversion algorithms for Fengyun-3 microwave radiation imager (FY-3 MWRI) were described,which are composed of global business algorithm and improved regional algorithm for China. Finally, the research focuses in this aspect were predicted.

This paper comprehensively describes the scientific research plan of the TanDEM-X/TerraSAR-X bistatic SAR mission, with emphasis placed on its scientific objectives, TanDEM-X satellite parameters, orbital configuration and data acquisition modes. Then, the advantages of the new InSAR techniques including bistatic SAR, Pol-InSAR and digital beam forming are briefly discussed and the progress of the techniques of TanDEM-X bistatic SAR interferometry is analyzed. These new SAR techniques will greatly promote the application potential of SAR interferometry in Earth sciences such as global topography mapping, glaciology, oceanography and geology.

Aimed at efficient processing of the massive image data obtained by multi-sensors in planetary exploration missions,the authors proposed a solution to automatic accurate geo-rectification of the remote sensing images by matching them to the available reference images,which are already mapped into certain coordinate frame. Considering the large resolution gap between some of the images, this paper recommended an indirect matching strategy. The authors also tackled the problem concerning the choice of the appropriate reference image according to the characteristics of the typical lunar and Mars images. Using CCD images of CE-1 and CE-2 images from Chang'E missions and HiRISE images from MRO mission,with reference images from LROC WAC and THEMIS VIS respectively,the authors conducted the experiments. The accuracy of the corrected image were evaluated with manually selected checkpoints. The results show that, by matching them with referenced images, the control points can be chosen automatically and the subsequent rectification can achieve a significant accuracy improvement compared with that without any control points. The proposed solution is effective and practical for automatic geometric processing of planetary remote sensing images.

With the development and matureness of the satellite remote sensing technology, the use of satellite images for mapping production has become more and more important. As satellite images and traditional aerial photographs are different, during the utilization of existing mapping techniques to enlarge the image to the pixel level to seek for control points, the exact pixel points and the point coordinates can't be found in a series of mixed pixels because of the division generated randomly by the sensor element and the influence of the surrounding surface features. As a result, the image can't be accurately measured at a point, which will cause aerial mapping error. Therefore, a new symbol used in digital photogrammetry is presented in this paper, which is different from the ones in relative standard, and an algorithm is put forward based on the grayness of pixels of this kind of symbol in the digital image, which can find points and simultaneously improve the single point positioning accuracy. Finally, with a GeoEye-1 stereo pair through the actual encryption work, the practicability and the accuracy of the method are verified.

The adoption of information from two images can improve resolution of images; nevertheless, the method based on interpolation is apt to make fussy boundary or cause partial loss of detailed information. To solve this problem, the authors employed an approach to super-resolution reconstruction based on staggered pixels and non-uniform B-spline surface. Two frames of images with low resolution,which were matched and geometrically registered at sub-pixel level,were adopted,and then these two images were staggered and re-sampled to double times of the origin grid;the positions with non-value were interpolated and filled with tri-B-spline surface interpolation,and non-uniform node parametric method was adopted. And the curved surface was composed of 36 known neighborhood pixels. For solving the value of interpolated points,the authors introduced parallel and golden section methods to iterate searching for the optimal value,which made interpolation more accurate; the last but not unimportant, the interpolated images were restored to reconstruct better visualization high resolution images. The assessment of the results demonstrates that this approach can considerably improve definition, quantity of information, signal-to-noise ratio and resolution.

Aimed at tackling the fast solver problem for the large-scale and nearly pathological close-range block sparse bundle adjustment normal equation,the authors propose a solution method based on the preconditioned conjugate gradient(PCG)sparse algorithm. Firstly,the normal equation coefficient matrix corresponding to diagonal matrix square root is selected as the preconditioning matrix by changing the coordinate base of the parameter vector to be estimated, which can improve the behavior of the normal equation coefficient matrix so as to achieve the purpose of improving the convergence rate of the conjugate gradient method. Then, through the application of the sparse matrix, the efficiency of storage can be improved and the adjustment of normal equation coefficient matrix can be achieved. Experiment results show that the method proposed in this paper has the advantage that any scalar change in variables has no effect on the range of convergence of the iterative technique,and hence it has not only high accuracy of calculation but also faster speed.

With its fast development,the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has become an important method for obtaiing the remote sensing image data. Nevertheless, this flexibility,rapid acquisition method for remote sensing image has poor stability in the platform in comparison with the traditional way of large aircraft aerial potography. The acquisition process of UAV image is affected by its counterweight,real-time flight environment and other external factors,and all of these factors lead to a host of difficulties in image registration. In this paper,firstly,the authors used the POS data to estimate the overlapped area of the UAV image,utilized the Forstner operator to extract feature points,and segmented the images based on the entropy information. After that, the matching feature points were found with the rotation model based on normalized cross-correlation(NCC). Finally, the registration of the UAV images was realized. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper is effective and maintains a better robustness.

Edge lines extraction from remote sensing images is a classic problem, and different edge extraction algorithms are applicable to different types of images. The road shape is not very regular, the contrast is low and the impact of noise is serious in actual remote sensing image because the road might be blocked by buildings and trees, and the road edge lines are likely to be broken; therefore road edge lines extraction from high-resolution remote sensing image is always a hot research topic. In this paper,the authors propose a new method for extraction of the road lines from remote sensing image so as to solve the problem that it is difficult for the methods available to extract clear and continuous road edge lines. Firstly, the direction templates are introduced to detect the edge points and search for the sub-segments in block image; then the sub-segments are extended and the line segment voting is taken to connect straight line segments in the curved edge lines, and the edge lines whose length is greater than a given threshold are output; finally, the spur and bifurcation are removed and the union of edge lines in eight directions is taken as the final road network. Experiment results show that the method proposed in this paper can be used to extract the road edge lines which have a certain curvature and low contrast and are affected by noise seriously from high-resolution remote sensing images.

Airborne LiDAR data can be used to monitor ground collapse in the vegetation-covered area effectively. A progressive triangulation filtering DEM-construction method based on region segmentation is proposed in this paper. In this method, the raw point clouds are re-organized so as to improve the efficiency of points calculation; combined with the regional statistical value of elevation difference, the authors conducted segmentation of ground points and non-ground points according to survey area's terrain, and then used ground points to build the initial sparse TIN model. Following the calculation of the distance between other points and TIN, the authors obtained progressive encryption triangulation and extracted ground points. Finally the authors eliminated isolated points, thus generating a DEM. This method was applied to airborne LiDAR data obtained in Hunan Province. The experiment results show that the proposed method is promising. The DEM constructed by this method conveys more refined topographical information. Especially in the vegetation-covered area, the extraction of high-precision DEM can be achieved. Meanwhile, the location and range of ground collapse can be shown.

Soil moisture is a very important part of earth ecosystem and plays an important role in global water cycle. Passive microwave has advantages of all-weather and high temporal resolution, and its data processing is simple; therefore soil moisture index extracted from passive microwave data greatly promote the repeated observations of soil moisture in large areas. 8 kinds of microwave remote sensing soil moisture indices were extracted from AMSR-E data, half of which were put forward in the past and half of which were newly raised. And then their variation trends were compared with each other at Miyun and Hanzhong, the two meteorological stations, and the data obtained showed that PI_V,6.9 and DI_V,10.7 were respectively related to the precipitation. Afterwards, the precipitation monitoring of PI_V,6.9, DI_V,10.7 and MPDI_10.7 at two 10 pixels×12 pixels rectangle areas, including Miyun and Hanzhong respectively, were comparatively studied. Finally, precipitation on August 21^th was interpolated in the whole country, and distributions of precipitation and three soil moisture indices were comparatively analyzed, which were PI_V,6.9, DI_V,10.7 and MPDI_10.7. The result shows that PI_V,6.9 seems to be the best index for soil moisture monitoring, and also the best choice in soil moisture monitoring in China at present.

The determination of parameters for texture analysis is crucial to remote sensing image classification. In this paper, the Hongze Lake wetlands were taken as the study area and the texture was calculated based on gray level co-occurrence matrix. The effect of the window size, moving step and direction in computing texture upon the separability of freshwater lake wetlands was discussed. The classification of wetlands was carried out based on decision tree classification by using texture and spectral features. The classification accuracy was assessed based on error matrix. It is shown that the parameters of 3 pixel ×3 pixel in the direction of 90° are the optimal ones. Mean, entropy, correlation are used for the classification of wetlands in the study area. The classification accuracy is 83.24% with Kappa of 0.788. The results show that the effect of texture parameters upon the classification of freshwater lake wetlands is significant.

Land surface temperature (LST) and outgoing long wave radiation (OLR), which are commonly used in seismic monitoring, were compared and analyzed from their own characteristics and seismic applications. The analytical results of the global data show that LST and OLR at high latitudes and mid-latitudes have the consistency in spatial distribution, but show a significant difference in equatorial and low-latitude regions, and this difference is closely related to the global total cloud amount. The results of feature points selected according to the cloudiness distribution in China's mainland show that LST and OLR have poor synchronization in the region whose cloud amount is greater than 65% and show better synchronization in the region whose cloud amount is less than 65%. On such a basis, the authors selected Qinghai region where the synchronization is relatively good and mid-south China where the synchronization is poor as the test areas. The results achieved show that the spatial, temporal and intensity characteristics of two types of data can be either identical or different, as shown by the comparison between the two computing results using the vorticity method. LST mainly reflects the warming temperature phenomenon whereas OLR is focused on a comprehensive reflection of the whole earth-atmosphere system.

In order to demonstrate the correlativity of the vegetation indexes between Landsat TM and HJ CCD imageries, the authors first conducted the conversion from gray values of multi-spectrum bands to apparent reflectance for several pairs of Landsat TM and HJ CCD imageries. The quantitative relationship of normalized differential vegetation indexes between the two imageries was established through regression analysis in the light of different land cover types. At last, the conversion equation was calculated and the difference between the two kinds of data was analyzed. The result shows that vegetation indexes between Landsat TM and HJ CCD have significant linear positive correlation, and the conversion precision of the transformation equation is reasonably high.

The quadratic difference method, as an improved water vapor signal extraction algorithm, is employed in "clear sky region" from FY-2E infrared channel. By means of both split window and temporal difference calculation from infrared cloud mask images, the method can weaken the surface temperature interference and help trace the weak signal of water vapor in "clear sky region", regardless of the order of the two calculations. Application examples show that this method can trace the weak signal of water vapor in "clear sky region" more effectively and make up for the lacking wind field data in clear sky with high water vapor content values as compared with the obvious limitation of deriving cloud motion wind by the traditional method. A comparison between the wind fields using this technique and that obtained from the NCEP reanalysis data shows a good relative accuracy.

To understand the accuracy and error characteristics of the shuttle Radar topography mission (SRTM) elevation data,the authors used the more precise ICESat/GLAS laser altimeter data as reference data in the Tibetan Plateau covering various landscape types so as to assess the accuracy of SRTM and explore the relationship between SRTM and terrain factors (slope and aspect) through bilinear interpolation algorithm. The experimental results show that ICESat altimeter data are highly correlated with SRTM data, with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 8. The system error of SRTM is 2.36±16.48 m,with a RMSE of 16.65 m. The accuracy of SRTM data decreases obviously as the slope increases when the slope is lower than 25°. In addition, compared with ICESat altimeter data, the measurements of SRTM elevation are higher in the north, northwest and northeast directions, and lower in the south, southeast and southwest directions in the Tibetan Plateau.

The detection of built-up land, including buildings, roads, squares and other social service facilities, has been an effective method in monitoring developing speed of a specific area. The purpose of this paper is to find the methods suitable for monitoring and comparing the progress of constructing new Beichuan on the basis of high spatial resolution aerial images. Aimed at solving the problem of neglecting buildings under construction in built-up area detection, the method put forward by the authors successfully extracted constructions in process by synthesizing neutrosophic set, mean shift and green factor. Experiments show that the method is effective in detecting built-up areas from remote sensed images with high spatial resolution. An analysis of change detection of built-up area from the year 2009 to 2013 indicates that new Beichuan has accomplished 98.17% of the project area where the construction was started from 2009 to 2010. Moreover, from the year 2010 to 2013, new Beichuan started several projects which occupied an area of 0.6 km². High developing rate makes it possible for new Beichuan to be able to guarantee the living environment for victims of the earthquake.

The chlorophyll-a concentration, suspended solids concentration, transparency and eutrophication index for the Taihu Lake were obtained by using GF-1 satellite wide field of view (WFV) camera and HJ-1A satellite CCD camera data with the purpose of evaluating the GF-1 satellite's application capability in environmental monitoring. The results show that the WFV camera data, consistent with the HJ-1A inversion results, could be used to monitor the distribution of the water quality parameters including chlorophyll-a concentration, suspended solids concentration, transparency and eutrophication index. It was shown that the algal blooming areas were found in the northwest of the Taihu Lake, the chlorophyll-a concentration was the highest near the algal blooming area, and the average of chlorophyll-a concentration in the whole lake was 62.46 mg·m^-3. The suspended solids concentration was higher near the Zhusan Valley and the west coast area and decreased in the NW-SE direction, with the whole average value being 26.07mg·L^-1. The transparency decreased in the NW-SE direction in contrast to the distribution of suspended solids concentration, with the whole average value being 22.1 cm. The eutrophication index decreased southeastward, being the same as the distribution of chlorophyll-a concentration, with the whole average value being 69.62. These results are consistent with the results of the routine surveying.

Land salinization can lead to the degradation and disappearance of soil resources, so it is an important factor affecting the eco-environmental quality and agricultural production security, especially in arid and semi-arid environments. Land salinization is a main environmental problem in Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia including Hanggin Rear Banner, because of arid climate, high salinity soil material, highly mineralized groundwater, and high groundwater level caused by improper irrigation and drainage. In this study, the intensity of land salinization was divided into five grades according to lab data of surface soil samples. Interpreting marks and spectral characteristics of different landscapes in Hanggin Rear Banner were built and analyzed by using ERDAS, fused ALOS image, field investigation and lab data of surface soil samples. The map for classification of land salinization in Hanggin Rear Banner was compiled based on interpreting marks, spectral characteristics and supervised classification method. The results indicate that the area of slightly salinized land (total content of water-soluble salt is 0~0.3%), weakly salinized land (total content of water-soluble salt is 0.3%~0.5%), moderately salinized land (total content of water-soluble salt is 0.5%~1.0%), strongly salinized land (total content of water-soluble salt is 1.0%~1.6%) and saline soil (total content of water-soluble salt is more than 1.6%) are 181.38 km², 658.45 km², 213.96 km², 41.86 km² and 28.38 km² respectively. The land whose content of water-soluble salt is lower than 0.5% has little influence on agricultural production. The salinized land possesses as high as 55.02% of the total area in Hanggin Rear Banner. The salinized agricultural land with water-soluble salt content more than 0.5% accounts for 15.76% of the total area and 25.68% of the total agricultural land respectively, and the salinized places are distributed dispersedly among agricultural lands. The salinized agricultural land with water-soluble salt content more than 1.0% accounts for 3.28% of the total area and 5.33% of the total agricultural land respectively, and the salinized places are mainly distributed around irrigation channels and lakes, with their proportion tending to increase from northwest to southeast. The results have an important significance for land salinization control and eco-environment improvement in the Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia.

The Datong Basin located at the northern end of the Fenwei Basin is a serious land subsidence area. The groundwater exploitation is an important factor responsible for the land subsidence. However, the study of the correlation between the groundwater activities and the land subsidence in this area is very insufficient. In order to investigated the relationship between the groundwater and the land subsidence, the authors monitored the characteristics of Datong land subsidence deformation by using small baseline subset(SBAS) InSAR technique with Envisat ASAR images. At the same time, the corresponding spatial-temporal relations between the ground subsidence center and the groundwater funnel were studied. Two models illustrating relationships between the ground subsidence and the groundwater funnel were built. The research shows that underground water exploitation is a major factor responsible for land subsidence in Datong; nevertheless, not all the underground water exploitation can cause land subsidence. This study has a good reference value for guiding the production and control of the underground water exploitation and land subsidence.

Integrating remote sensing data, meteorological data and other multi-source auxiliary data, the vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) spatial and temporal pattern in Beijing and its main influence factors were analyzed based on carnegie-ames-stanford approach(CASA) model in 2010. The results showed that: 1 The total amount of NPP was 5.5 TgC, and the vegetation NPP spatial distribution pattern showed that the NPP in northern and western mountainous areas was higher, while the NPP in plain area was lower. 2 The seasonal vegetation NPP in Beijing changed significantly. The NPP in summer was the largest, accounting for 62% of the NPP in the whole year. The smallest was in winter, accounted for only 3%, and the NPP in spring and autumn respectively accounted for 18% and 17% of the total NPP. 3 The vegetation NPP was limited by water and heat conditions. However, the main limiting factor was different in different areas. The natural vegetation in the northern and western mountainous areas was more affected by the temperature, while the crops in plain area were more easily affected by the precipitation. And the vegetation in the transition area from mountains to the plain was more affected by the solar radiation.

With the launch of domestic high-resolution satellites, the application of them to regional geological survey has become an urgent task. Based on the evaluation of original image, the authors employed ZY-1 02C and GF-1 images to explore the application potential of geological survey in West Kunlun high altitudes. The research indicates that ZY-1 02C and GF-1 images can not only satisfy the requirements of large-scale geological mapping but also present good application effect in tectonic interpretation and lithological information extraction, thus showing great potential in geological survey.

In the context of global warming, the detection of the changes of the major lakes in Central Asia not only has great significance for the water management and its sustainable development, but also provides the basis for the further research on the response of inland lake changes to climate change and human activities. The authors first used Landsat images to acquire information of the lake area changes in the past 30 years, then employed Radar altimeter data to extract water levels of the lakes during 1992 to 2012, and finally analyzed factors responsible for lake changes. The results indicated that the area of lakes had decreased during 1978 to 2010 except for the Sarygamysh Lake, and the change extents of different types of lakes were different. The lake level changes had different patterns due to the difference in basins and lake types. Alpine lakes were influenced by climate, whereas the open lakes were affected by human activities significantly.

Jixian County in Tianjin City is a national ecological demonstration county. In order to study the influence of landform on land use dynamic change, the authors extracted the change information of land use in Jixian County for 10 years on the basis of TM images in 2001 and 2011 with post-classification comparison. Two terrain factors for relief degrees of land surface and slope were generated using spatial analysis algorithms. The distribution and variation features of the two land use types in different terrain features and the land use change were analyzed quantitatively in two aspects of type conversion and dynamic degree. The correlation between the change of land use type and the relief and slope was also analyzed. In addition, the influencing factors of land use change were investigated. The results show that the area of waters, farmland and residential land which expanded by 2.46% has been increased in the past 10 years. The conversion of land use type are mainly from woodland to farmland and residential land, from farmland to woodland and residential land, and from unused land to farmland and residential land. The landform has a significant influence on the dynamic change of land use. The residential land has increased most conspicuously, followed by water area, whereas woodland decreases most obviously. In low relief and moderate relief landform, residential land has increased most obviously; in mountainous relief, residential land has somewhat increased; in high mountain relief landform, only woodland and unused land has changed a little. The research on geographic and geomorphic impact on land use dynamic change is of guidance significance for ecological protection. The results achieved by the authors can provide a scientific basis for land use in partly mountainous districts and counties.

The tailings pond is a man-made debris flow hazard source with high potential energy in that there exists the risk of dam failure. Once the dam crashes,it is easy to cause serious accidents. Tailings ponds could produce a lot of hidden troubles to the environment due to occupying lots of land resources and destroying land vegetation; what is more,varieties of heavy metal materials and toxic substances contained in mineral tailings could cause serious pollution to the ecological environment around the tailings ponds and in the downstream area through leaching and permeating. For the realization of the remote sensing monitoring and analysis of the tailings ponds, the authors chose the tailings ponds in major ore concentration areas of Heilongjiang Province as the research objects, used high resolution remote sensing images to establish the accurate remote sensing interpretation keys,and finally accomplished the remote sensing interpretation of tailings ponds. And then the GIS software was utilized to extract relevant information so as to evaluate such basic data as the basic types,existing number of stockpiling tailings,geographic locations and harmful factors and understand and grasp the environmental geological conditions and ecological situations. The results achieved by the authors can provide a reliable and effective scientific basis for the tailings ponds supervision and management.

Vegetation indexes, such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), are used widely in estimating vegetation coverage using remote sensing imagery. However, most of them do not take topographic effects into account, particular in rugged areas. In this research, a study area was selected in Changting County, Fujian Province. The authors adopted Topography-Adjusted Vegetation Index (TAVI) to eliminate the topographic effects, and utilized dimidiate pixel model to estimate the vegetation coverage of this area. To investigate the effectiveness of TAVI for the elimination of topographic effects, the authors compared vegetation coverages estimated on the basis of TAVI with those using NDVI. A comparative analysis of visual effect and statistical indicators showed that the accuracy of vegetation coverage estimated by TAVI outperformed NDVI-dependent estimation. In sunny areas, the results from TAVI and NDVI were similar, while in shade areas, the results from TAVI were much better than those from NDVI. TAVI can effectively alleviate the estimation difference between shade and sunny areas and improve the estimation accuracy in shade areas.

Land surface temperature (LST) is a vital parameter controlling the energy and water balance between atmosphere and land surface. LST image with high spatial resolution compatible with visible bands of Landsat TM is very important for the application of the LST image to many studies such as environmental monitoring. This paper examines the accuracy and applicability of two widely-used models for decomposition of LST images: SUTM and E-Distrad. Landsat TM data acquired in Beijing were used for the study. LST retrieved by the mono-window algorithm (MWA) was used to compare the LST decomposition images by the two models. The results achieved by the authors indicate that SUTM is more applicable than E-Distrad in the regions with low vegetation cover and high LST such as downtown, while the latter is better than the former in the high vegetation cover and relatively cold areas such as water bodies. The RMSE and MAE are 1.522 K and 1.191 K respectively for SUTM and 1.768 K and 1.173 K for E-Distrad. It is thus concluded that both models are applicable for decomposition of LST images for high spatial resolution, but the results of decomposition are different in areas of different vegetation covers.

The current GPS (Global Positioning System) system could not provide map support, and no maps can be used in geological survey in the remote areas. Aimed at solving these problems, the authors put forward the GPS real navigation based on remote sensing image to geological survey. Google Earth can provide large and free high resolution remote sensing image for users in the world and Trimble GPS can provide powerful navigation function. The real navigation was designed based on GPS and remote sensing image extracted from Google Earth. By using high resolution remote sensing image with the addition of geological map as the background map, the imports receive location information to be calibrated on remote sensing images, and the real navigation can be achieved. The results achieved by the authors show that the technology is more effective and intuitive in comparison with other approaches, and hence can meet the demands of navigation in field survey and tour.

Land consolidation is an effective measure to improve land use conditions and land quality, and hence the evaluation of the land quality after land consolidation constitutes one of the important tasks. In this paper, based on the connotation of cultivated land quality and basic requirement of land consolidation project, the authors selected two fundamental factors of the natural conditions and cultivated land use conditions as well as 12 impact factors and used the Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process to determine the weights and construct a cultivated land quality evaluation index system based on the land consolidation. Then, taking land consolidation project of Hanshan County in Anhui Province as a case study, the authors employed the traditional soil survey in combination with the 3S method to analyze the land quality temporal pattern changes during the land consolidation, thus obtaining the level changes before and after the land consolidation. The study result shows that the levels and spatial distribution of land quality of the study area experienced considerable changes through land consolidation. Compared with the situation before land consolidation, the percentage of level 1, level 2 and level 3 increases by 7.20%, 11.95% and 0.65% respectively, whereas the percentage of level 4 and level 5 is reduced by 15.65% and 4.16% respectively. After the land consolidation, the overall level of cultivated land quality is 1.291 times that of the level before the land consolidation.

Quite a lot of researches on the estimation of ecosystem service value have been carried out all over the world. Most of these researches were static evaluations at some points in time. From these researches we can only know the ecosystem service value of some places at some time points, but the dynamic changes of ecosystem service value could not be detected, especially in a continuous time span. In this paper, the ecosystem services valuation system and methods were developed. 5 kinds of ecosystem services, i.e., fixation of solar energy, accumulation of nutrients, gas regulation, soil conservation and water conservation, were taken into account. The continuous monthly MODIS NDVI data from 2000 to 2009 were used as the main dataset to calculate the ecosystem services value in Hebei Province. A 10-year period of ecosystem services value was calculated and dynamic changes were analyzed. It is shown that the ecosystem services value of Hebei presented a dynamic increasing trend during this 10-year period. The average values were much higher in northern and western parts as well as mountain areas than in southern and eastern parts as well as plain areas. The ecosystem service values in northern and southern parts increased during the 10-year period, and the areas where the ecosystem service value increased were larger than those where the value decreased.