Characterization of lake morphology in China using remote sensing and GIS
LIU Lei1,2,3, ZANG Shuying2, SHAO Tiantian1, WEI Jinhong1, SONG Kaishan1
1. Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; 2. College of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Geographic Environment, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; 3. The Third Surveying and Mapping Engineering Institute of Heilongjiang, Harbin 150025, China
Abstract：Based on 2010 Landsat TM/ETM+ satellite remote sensing imagery data and referring to Google Earth imageries and other historical documents, the authors used object-oriented classification method to extract inland water bodies across China. The authors set imagery segmentation scale at 30 m, and extracted water bodies with ratio index, Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and spectral relation. There are three types of water, i.e., rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Finally, the spatial distribution of lakes in China was obtained. Using ArcGIS software package, lake area, shoreline length, shape index (SI), related circumscribing circle (RCC), fractal dimension (FD) and other landscape indices, the authors conducted calculation, and divided China into five lake districts according to previous researches. The differences of lake morphology were comparatively analyzed in the five lake districts. The results show that the object-oriented classification method has better classification accuracy. The overall accuracy of the three types of water is 93%, and the classification accuracy of the lake is over 90%. Statistically, the number of lakes with area greater than 1.0 km2 is 2 477, totaling 77 934.72 km2. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Lake District (QTPLD) has the largest lake area, accounting for 54.34% of the total lake area in China. The averages of SI and FD are the minimum, thus the lake morphology is simple in the QTPLD. However, the rainfall is abundant and the water system is well developed in Eastern Plain Lake District (EPLD). Its averages of SI and FD are the maximum among all the sub-lake regions. The lake shoreline is more zigzag, and hence the lake morphology is more complex in the EPLD. In addition, SI and FD have significant correlation (R2 = 0.95). The higher the FD of the lake, the greater the observed SI.
刘蕾, 臧淑英, 邵田田, 魏锦宏, 宋开山. 基于遥感与GIS的中国湖泊形态分析[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2015, 27(3): 92-98.
LIU Lei, ZANG Shuying, SHAO Tiantian, WEI Jinhong, SONG Kaishan. Characterization of lake morphology in China using remote sensing and GIS. REMOTE SENSING FOR LAND & RESOURCES, 2015, 27(3): 92-98.
[1] 中国环境科学研究院.湖泊生态安全调查与评估[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:1-19. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences.Investigation and Evaluation of Lake Ecological Security[M].Beijing:Science Press,2012:1-19. [2] 霍雨.鄱阳湖形态特征及其对流域水沙变化响应研究[D].南京:南京大学,2011. Huo Y.Poyang Lake Morphological Characteristics and Its Response to Runoff and Sediment of Poyang Lake Basin[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2011. [3] 闫强,廖静娟,沈国状.近40年乌兰乌拉湖变化的遥感分析与水文模型模拟[J].国土资源遥感,2014,26(1):152-157.doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2014.01.26. Yan Q,Liao J J,Shen G Z.Remote sensing analysis and simulation of change of Ulan UI Lake in the past 40 years[J].Remote Sensing for Land and Resources,2014,26(1):152-157.doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2014.01.26. [4] 纪鹏,郭华东,张露.近20年西昆仑地区冰川动态变化遥感研究[J].国土资源遥感,2013,25(1):93-98.doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2013.01.17. Ji P,Guo H D,Zhang L.Remote sensing study of glacier dynamic change in West Kunlun Mountains in the past 20 years[J].Remote Sensing for Land and Resources,2013,25(1):93-98.doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2013.01.17. [5] 黄卫东,廖静娟,沈国状.近40年西藏那曲南部湖泊变化及其成因探讨[J].国土资源遥感,2012,24(3):122-128.doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2012.03.22. Huang W D,Liao J J,Shen G Z.Lake change in past 40 years in the southern Nagqu District of Tibet and analysis of its driving forces[J].Remote Sensing for Land and Resources,2012,24(3):122-128.doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2012.03.22. [6] 曾光,高会军,朱刚.近32年塔里木盆地与准噶尔盆地湿地演化遥感分析[J].国土资源遥感,2013,25(3):118-123.doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2013.03.20. Zeng G,Gao H J,Zhu G.Analysis of wetlands evolution process between Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin in the past 32 years[J].Remote Sensing for Land and Resources,2013,25(3):118-123.doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2013.03.20. [7] 李新国,江南,王红娟,等.近30年来太湖流域湖泊岸线形态动态变化[J].湖泊科学,2005,17(4):294-298. Li X G,Jiang N,Wang H J,et al.Dynamic changes of lake shorelines morphology in the Taihu Basin during the past 30 years[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2005,17(4):294-298. [8] 王红娟,姜加虎,李新国.岱海湖泊岸线形态变化研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2006,15(5):674-677. Wang H J,Jiang J H,Li X G.Study on changes of lake shoreline morphology in Daihai Lake[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2006,15(5):674-677. [9] 潘文斌,黎道丰,唐涛,等.湖泊岸线分形特征及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,2003,23(12):2728-2735. Pan W B,Li D F,Tang T,et al.The fractal character of lake shoreline and its ecological implication[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(12):2728-2735. [10] Moses S A,Janaki L,Joseph S,et al.Influence of lake morphology on water quality[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2011,182(1/4):443-454. [11] Thierfelder T.The morphology of landscape elements as predictors of water quality in glacial/boreal lakes[J].Journal of Hydrology,1998,207(3/4):189-203. [12] 陈云浩,冯通,史培军,等.基于面向对象和规则的遥感影像分类研究[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2006,31(4):317-320. Chen Y H,Feng T,Shi P J,et al.Classification of remote sensing image based on object oriented and class rules[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2006,31(4):317-320. [13] 林川,宫兆宁,赵文吉.基于中分辨率TM数据的湿地水生植被提取[J].生态学报,2010,30(23):6460-6469. Lin C,Gong Z N,Zhao W J.The extraction of wetland hydrophytes types based on medium resolution TM data[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(23):6460-6469. [14] 沈金祥,杨辽,陈曦,等.面向对象的山区湖泊信息自动提取方法[J].国土资源遥感,2012,24(3):84-91.doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2012.03.16. Shen J X,Yang L,Chen X,et al.A method for object-oriented automatic extraction of lakes in the mountain area from remote sensing image[J].Remote Sensing for Land and Resources,2012,24(3):84-91.doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2012.03.16. [15] McFeeters S K.The use of normalized difference water index(NDWI) in the delineation of open water features[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1996,17(7):1425-1432. [16] Jiang Z L,Qi J G,Su S L,et al.Water body delineation using index composition and HIS transformation[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2012,33(11):3402-3421. [17] Xu H Q.Modification of normalized difference water index(NDWI)to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2006,27(14):3025-3033. [18] Verpoorter C,Kutser T,Tranvik L.Automated mapping of water bodies using Landsat multispectral data[J].Limnology and Oceanography:Methods,2012,10(12):1037-1050. [19] Feyisa G L,Meilby H,Fensholt R,et al.Automated water extraction index:A new technique for surface water mapping using Landsat imagery[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2014,140:23-35. [20] Sheng Y W,Shan C A,Smith L C.Automated image registration for hydrologic change detection in the lake-rich arctic[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2008,5(3):414-418. [21] 宋开山,刘蕾,吕冬梅,等.基于Landsat-TM和MODIS的非洲水体分布格局研究[J].热带地理,2014,34(3):302-307. Song K S,Liu L,Lü D M,et al.Distribution pattern of African surface water based on Landsat-TM and MODIS imagery[J].Tropical Geography,2014,34(3):302-307. [22] 刘蕾,臧淑英,那晓东,等.兼容光学雷达影像及地形辅助数据的扎龙湿地遥感分类[J].地理与地理信息科学,2013,29(1):36-40. Liu L,Zang S Y,Na X D,et al.Wetland mapping in the Zhalong natural reserve using optical and Radar remotely sensed data and ancillary topographical data[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2013,29(1):36-40. [23] Stehman S V.Estimating the Kappa coefficient and its variance under stratified random Sampling[J].Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,1999,62(4):401-407. [24] 傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观多样性的类型及其生态意义[J].地理学报,1996,51(5):454-462. Fu B J,Chen L D.Landscape diversity types and their ecological significance[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1996,51(5):454-462. [25] 邬建国.景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000. Wu J G.Landscape Ecology:Pattern,Process,Scale and Level[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000. [26] 王苏民,窦鸿身.中国湖泊志[M].北京:科学出版社,1998. Wang S M,Dou H S.The Lakes of China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1998. [27] 马荣华,杨桂山,段洪涛,等.中国湖泊的数量、面积与空间分布[J].中国科学:地球科学,2011,41(3):394-401. Ma R H,Yang G S,Duan H T,et al.China's lakes at present:Number,area and spatial distribution[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2011,54(2):283-289.
2015, Vol. 27 
