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Remote Sensing for Natural Resources    2025, Vol. 37 Issue (6) : 251-262     DOI: 10.6046/zrzyyg.2024339
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Analyzing water area changes and inundation trends in Siling Co during 1995—2023 based on multi-source remote sensing
WANG Haochen1,2(), HE Peng1,2(), CHEN Hong2, TONG Liqiang2, GUO Zhaocheng2, TU Jienan2, WANG Genhou1
1. School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2. China Aero Geophysical Survey & Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China
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Abstract  

Siling Co, the largest lake in Xizang Autonomous Region, has expanded significantly in the past few years, threatening surrounding pastoral activities, infrastructures, and even the ecological environment. This study systematically reconstructed the time series of changes in the lake area, water level, and water volume of Siling Co from 1995 to 2023 using optical images from satellites Landsat and GF, as well as altimeter data from satellites ERS-2, ICEsat, Cryosat-2, and ICEsat-2. Through Mann-Kendall trend analysis, the study determined the stages of the lake area changes and revealed the key characteristics of various stages. Furthermore, it also made a preliminary judgement on the inundation trend and its impacts. The results indicate that from 1995 to 2023, Siling Co experienced an increase in water area of 676.75 km2 (with an annual average of 24.17 km2/a), a water level rise of approximately 13.32 m (with an annual average of 0.48 m/a), and a water volume growth of 28.45 Gt (with an annual average of 1.02 Gt/a). The changes in Siling Co from 1995 to 2023 can be divided into four stages: the fluctuating growth stage from 1995 to 2000, the rapid expansion stage from 2000 to 2011, the relatively stable stage from 2011 to 2017, and the re-expansion stage from 2017 to 2023. The inundated areas during the fluctuating growth and rapid expansion stages were primarily concentrated in the northern and southern parts of the lake. During the relatively stable stage, no significant expansion was observed in the inundated areas. In the re-expansion stage, the inundated areas were distributed in the eastern part of the lake. The continuous rise in the water level of Siling Co led to an annually increasing risk of surrounding inundation. Currently, the areas exposed to a high inundation risk are primarily concentrated along the south bank of the lake, which should be the focus in future monitoring and research.
Keywords remote sensing (RS)      Siling Co      satellite altimetry      lake level      inundation risk     
ZTFLH:  TP79  
Issue Date: 31 December 2025
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Haochen WANG
Peng HE
Hong CHEN
Liqiang TONG
Zhaocheng GUO
Jienan TU
Genhou WANG
Cite this article:   
Haochen WANG,Peng HE,Hong CHEN, et al. Analyzing water area changes and inundation trends in Siling Co during 1995—2023 based on multi-source remote sensing[J]. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2025, 37(6): 251-262.
URL:  
https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/10.6046/zrzyyg.2024339     OR     https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/Y2025/V37/I6/251
Fig.1  General map of Siling Co basin
数据年份 传感器类型 空间分辨率/m 数据格式
1995—2012年 Landsat TM/ETM+ 30 GeoTIFF
2013—2023年 GF-1 WFV 16 GeoTIFF
Tab.1  Optical image details
测高卫星 传感器 工作年份 周期/d 足迹间距/m 精度/cm
ERS-2 RA 1995—2011年 35 约300 约10
ICESat GLAS 2003—2009年 91 约170 约10
CryoSat-2 SIRAL 2010年至今 369 约300 1~3
ICESat-2 ATLAS 2018年至今 91 约0.7 约3
Tab.2  Satellite basic parameters
Fig.2  Area changes of Siling Co from 1995 to 2023
Fig.3  Satellite track of water level monitoring of Siling Co
Fig.4  Comparison before and after deviation correction
年份 传感器类型 统计月数/月 平均水位/m
1995年 ERS-2 5 4 534.63
1996年 6 4 534.46
1997年 5 4 534.83
1998年 5 4 535.08
1999年 4 4 535.80
2000年 5 4 537.11
2001年 5 4 538.60
2002年 5 4 539.77
2003年 ICESat 2 4 541.01
2004年 3 4 541.51
2005年 3 4 542.60
2006年 2 4 543.15
2007年 2 4 543.61
2008年 2 4 544.06
2009年 2 4 544.11
2010年 CryoSat-2 4 4 544.81
2011年 5 4 545.43
2012年 5 4 545.92
2013年 6 4 546.13
2014年 6 4 546.34
2015年 6 4 546.18
2016年 5 4 545.82
2017年 6 4 545.99
2018年 ICESat-2 3 4 546.70
2019年 4 4 546.82
2020年 4 4 547.27
2021年 2 4 547.58
2022年 3 4 547.81
2023年 2 4 547.95
Tab.3  Water level changes of Siling Co from 1995 to 2023
Fig.5  Comparison of lake water levels derived from satellite altimetry data and Hydroweb data, during 1995—2023
年份 水量/Gt 年份 水量/Gt 年份 水量/Gt
1995—1996年 -0.30 2005—2006年 1.23 2015—2016年 -0.86
1996—1997年 0.66 2006—2007年 1.03 2016—2017年 0.41
1997—1998年 0.45 2007—2008年 1.03 2017—2018年 1.70
1998—1999年 1.31 2008—2009年 0.12 2018—2019年 0.31
1999—2000年 2.47 2009—2010年 1.62 2019—2020年 1.07
2000—2001年 2.95 2010—2011年 1.46 2020—2021年 0.75
2001—2002年 2.36 2011—2012年 1.16 2021—2022年 0.56
2002—2003年 2.58 2012—2013年 0.50 2022—2023年 0.32
2003—2004年 1.06 2013—2014年 0.50 1995—2023年 28.45
2004—2005年 2.38 2014—2015年 -0.38
Tab.4  Water storage changes of Siling Co from 1995 to 2023
Fig.6  Variation trend of Siling Co area, water level and volume
Fig.7  Variation trend of Siling Co area at different stages
年份 时期 R2 Z P
1995—2000年 波动增长期 0.73 2.254 0.01 < P <0.05
2000—2011年 急速扩张期 0.95 4.457 P < 0.001
2011—2017年 相对稳定期 0.53 0.901 P > 0.05
2017—2023年 再次扩张期 0.97 3.004 P < 0.01
Tab.5  The Mann-Kendal trend test for each stage of Siling Co
Fig.8  Inundated area changes of Siling Co from 1995 to 2023
Fig.9  Inundating trend of lake at different stages
Fig.10  Current inundation stutus of Siling Co
Fig.11  Map of potential inundating risk areas in Siling Co
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