A study of the disturbance to mangrove forests in Dongzhaigang, Hainan based on LandTrendr
YU Sen1,2(), JIA Mingming2(), CHEN Gao2, LU Yingying2,3, LI Yi1,2, ZHANG Bochun1,2, LU Chunyan4, LI Huiying5
1. School of Surveying, Mapping and Exploration Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China 2. Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchuan 130102, China 3. Changchun New District Beihu Yingcai School, Changchun 130000, China 4. College of Computer and Information Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China 5. School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
With the rapid socio-economic development and the increasing demand for natural resources in China, the protection of natural reserves is facing increasing difficulties. The remote sensing-based research on monitoring the disturbance and the restoration of mangrove forests through time series analysis is still in its initial stage. Moreover, time series algorithms are highly complex. Based on the LandTrendr time segmentation algorithm of Google Earth Engine (GEE) and the Landsat image time-series data, this study investigated the disturbance to mangrove forests in the Dongzhaigang Mangrove Nature Reserve during 1990—2020. The results are as follows: ① A total of 42.39 hm2 of mangrove forests were disturbed during 1990—2020, among which the largest disturbance area of 12.78 hm2 occurred in 2014; ② During 1990—2020, minor, moderate, and severe disturbances accounted for 65.39%, 30.78%, and 3.83%, respectively; ③ The overall identification accuracy of the pixels of mangrove forests subject to changes was 89.50%, and the overall detection accuracy of years witnessing disturbance was 88%, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.79. This study analyzed the years and areas of the disturbance to mangrove forests in the Dongzhaigang Mangrove Nature Reserve over 30 years based on LandTrendr. Moreover, this study analyzed the disturbance factors according to the actual situation and concluded that human activities are the main disturbance factor, followed by natural factors, such as diseases, pests, and extreme weather events. This study will provide a scientific basis and a decision reference for the management of the mangrove forest reserve.
于森, 贾明明, 陈高, 鲁莹莹, 李毅, 张博淳, 路春燕, 李慧颖. 基于LandTrendr算法海南东寨港红树林扰动研究[J]. 自然资源遥感, 2023, 35(2): 42-49.
YU Sen, JIA Mingming, CHEN Gao, LU Yingying, LI Yi, ZHANG Bochun, LU Chunyan, LI Huiying. A study of the disturbance to mangrove forests in Dongzhaigang, Hainan based on LandTrendr. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2023, 35(2): 42-49.
Zhang Q M, Yu H B, Chen X S, et al. The relationship between mangrove zone on tidal flats and tidal levels[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 1997, 17:258-265.
[2]
林鹏. 中国红树林生态系统研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1997.
Lin P. Study of China’s mangrove ecosystem[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1997.
Lin P, Zhang Y H, Yang Z W. Protection and restoration of mangroves along the coast of Xiamen[J]. Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science Edition), 2005, 44:1-6.
[4]
Glaser M. Interrelations between mangrove ecosystem,local economy and social sustainability in Cacte Estuary,North Brazil[J]. Wetlands and Management, 2003, 11(4):265-272.
Xue H P, Liu T, Zhang J B. Response of carbon sequestration in mangroves to sea level rise,climate change and human activities[J]. Guangxi Science, 2020, 27:84-90.
Dan X Q, Liao B W, Wu Z B, et al. Resources,conservation status and main threats of mangrove wetlands in China[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2016, 25:1237-1243.
Jia M M. Remote sensing analysis of China’s mangrove forests dynamics during 1973 to 2013[D]. Changchun: University of Chinese Academy of Science(Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology), 2014.
Lin Y M, Lin P. Plant species,diversity,functions and protection of mangrove ecosystems in China[J]. Bulletin of Marine Limnology, 2001(3):8-16.
[9]
Son N, Chen C, Chang N, et al. Mangrove mapping and change detection in Ca Mau Peninsula,Vietnam,using Landsat data and object-based image analysis[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2015, 8(2):503-510.
doi: 10.1109/JSTARS.4609443
Li W, Cui L J, Zhang M Y, et al. Review of the application of remote sensing technology in mangrove wetland research[J]. Forestry Survey Planning, 2008, 33(5):1-7.
Yang C, Shen R P. Progess in the study of forest-disturbance by remote sensing[J]. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2015, 27(1):1-8.doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2015.01.01.
doi: 10.6046/gtzyyg.2015.01.01
[12]
Verbesselt J, Hyndman R, Newnham G, et al. Detecting trend and seasonal changes in satellite image time series[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2010, 114(1):106-115.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.014
[13]
Kennedy R E, Yang Z, Cohen W B, et al. Spatial and temporal patterns of forest disturbance and regrowth within the area of the Northwest Forest Plan[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2012, 122:117-133.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2011.09.024
[14]
Zhu Z, Woodcock C E. Continuous change detection and classification of land cover using all available Landsat data[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2014, 144:152-171.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2014.01.011
[15]
Nardin W, Woodcock C E, Fagherazzi S. Bottom sediments affect Sonneratia mangrove forests in the prograding Mekong delta Vietnam[J]. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 2016, 177:60-70.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2016.04.019
[16]
Wang Y, Bonynge G, Nugranad J, et al. Remote sensing of mangrove change along the Tanzania coast[J]. Marine Geodesy, 2003, 26(1-2):35-48.
doi: 10.1080/01490410306708
[17]
Gorelick N, Hancher M, Dixon M, et al. Google Earth Engine:Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, 202:18-27.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031
[18]
王文卿, 王瑁. 中国红树林[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2007.
Wang W Q, Wang M. Chinese mangroves[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2007.
[19]
Roy D P, Kovalskyy V, Zhang H K, et al. Characterization of Landsat7 to Landsat8 reflective wavelength and normalized difference vegetation index continuity[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2016, 185:57-70.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.024
Jia M M, Wang Z M, Mao D H, et al. Spatial-temporal changes of China’s mangrove forests over the past 50 years:An analysis towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)[J]. Science Bulletin, 2021, 66:3886-3901.
[21]
Kennedy R E, Yang Z, Cohen W B. Detecting trends in forest disturbance and recovery using yearly Landsat time series:1.LandTrendr-temporal segmentation algorithms[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2010, 114(12):2897-2910.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2010.07.008
[22]
Kennedy R E, Yang Z Q, Gorelick N, et al. Implementation of the LandTrendr algorithm on Google Earth Engine[J]. Remote Sensing, 2018, 10(5):691.
doi: 10.3390/rs10050691
[23]
Kennedy R E, Yang Z, Cohen W B, et al. Spatial and temporal patterns of forest disturbance and regrowth within the area of the Northwest Forest Plan[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2012, 122:117-133.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2011.09.024
Li Y Z, Pu L H, Sun T. Assessment of the ecological compensation effect of mangrove wetland restoration in Dongzhaigang area[J]. Rural Economy and Technology, 2018, 29(24):3,10.
[26]
高春. 团水虱灾害在海南东寨港红树林的分布规律[D]. 海口: 海南师范大学, 2016.
Gao C. The distribution law of water lice disasters in the mangroves of Dongzhaigang,Hainan[D]. Haikou: Hainan Normal University, 2016.
Wu T T, Ding S, Chen Z Z, et al. Dynamic research on mangrove wetlands in Dongzhaigang,Hainan based on LUCC and landscape pattern changes[J]. Forestry Research, 2022, 33(5):154-162.
Yan X H, Cai R S, Guo H X, et al. Vulnerability of Hainan Dongzhaigang mangrove ecosystem to the climate change[J]. Journal of Applied Oceanography, 2019, 38:338-349.
Chen L Z, Wang W Q, Zhang Y H, et al. Damage to mangroves from extreme cold in early 2008 in southern China[J]. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 2010, 34:186-194.
Wang Y, Zuo P, Huang Z Q, et al. Study of the change of the mangrove wetland ecosystem and driving forces in Dongzhaigang[J]. Sichuan Environment, 2006, 25:44-49.
[33]
韩淑梅. 海南东寨港红树林景观格局动态及其驱动力研究[D]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2012.
Han S M. Study on landscape pattern dynamics and driving forces in mangrove wetlands of Dongzhaigang Harbour,Hainan Province[D]. Beijing: Beijing Forestry University, 2012.
Zhu G, Zhong C R, Li S C, et al. Influence of intensive sea duck farming on mangroves in Dongzhai Port,Hainan[C]// Executive Committee of Mangrove Science Group of Chinese Ecological Society.Summary Collection of the Fifth Chinese Mangrove Academic Conference.Wenzhou, 2011.
[35]
Feller I C, Whigham D F, McKee K L, et al. Nitrogen limitation of growth and nutrient dynamics in a disturbed mangrove forest,Indian River Lagoon,Florida[J]. Oecoligia, 2003, 134:405-414.
[36]
Elison J C. Impacts of sediment burial on mangroves[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletion, 1998, 37:420-426.