松嫩平原土壤盐碱化地表基质成因研究

doi:10.6046/zrzyyg.2023330

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摘要

为查明松嫩平原土壤盐碱化地表基质成因,文章以松嫩平原松原市为例,使用Sentinel-2多光谱影像,遍历各类常用土壤盐分指数(soil salinity index, SSI)、土壤水分指数(soil water index, SWI)、植被指数(vegetation index, VI),构建最优三维光谱特征模型计算土壤盐碱化指数(soil salinization-alkalization index, SSAI),反演土壤盐碱化状况。通过对盐碱化区域地表水、地下水取样测试盐分离子含量,结合地下水位状况分析盐分离子来源。通过平面格网布点、垂向分层取样的方式开展地表基质调查,取得深部5 m以内不同层位共计2 362个土壤样品pH值和质地测试结果,构建三维地表基质模型。结果显示,遥感反演结果与表层土壤盐分含量拟合呈正相关线性关系(决定系数R²=0.74),研究区表现为小苏打型碱化特征,土壤盐分离子主要来源于地下水,深部多层黏质土壤起到隔水层的作用阻碍了盐分离子随水分的向下渗透运移和稀释,这一地表基质状况是研究区土壤盐碱化的客观成因。

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关键词 ：土壤盐碱化, 三维光谱特征模型, Sentinel-2多光谱影像, 地表基质

Abstract：

To determine the origin of surface substrate for soil salinization and alkalization in the Songnen Plain, this study investigated Songyuan City based on Sentinel-2 multispectral images. Considering various commonly used indices like the soil salinity index (SSI), soil water index (SWI), and vegetation index (VI), this study constructed the optimal 3D spectral feature model to calculate the soil salinization-alkalization index (SSAI) for inversion of the soil salinization-alkalization status. Surface water and groundwater in areas subjected to soil salinization and alkalization were sampled to test their salt ion concentrations, followed by the analysis of salt ion sources according to the groundwater levels. The surface substrate was explored through planar grid layout and vertical stratified sampling. A total of 2 362 soil samples were collected in various layers within a depth of 5 m to test their pH and texture for the construction of a 3D surface substrate model. The results of this study reveal a positive linear correlation between the inversion result of remote sensing data and the topsoil salt content (coefficient of determination: R²=0.74). The study area was characterized by alkalization of sodium bicarbonate, with soil salt ions originating primarily from groundwater. The deep multilayer argillaceous soils acted as an aquiclude to prevent the downward infiltration, migration, and dilution of salt ions along with water. This surface substrate condition serves as the objective cause of soil salinization and alkalization in the study area.

Key words： soil salinization and alkalization 3D spectral feature model Sentinel-2 multispectral image surface substrate

收稿日期: 2023-10-31 出版日期: 2025-05-09

ZTFLH:

TP751.1

基金资助:中国地质调查局项目“松嫩平原松原地区黑土地地表基质调查项目”(ZD20220114);自然资源综合调查指挥中心科技创新基金项目“盐碱化遥感反演与地表基质特征研究——以松嫩平原松原市为例”(KC20230009)

通讯作者: 乔牡冬(1989-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为自然资源综合调查。Email: mdqiao400@163.com。

作者简介: 马敏(1987-),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为遥感地质。Email: mmin@mail.cgs.gov.cn。

引用本文:

马敏, 左震, 韩燕东, 邱野, 乔牡冬. 松嫩平原土壤盐碱化地表基质成因研究[J]. 自然资源遥感, 2025, 37(2): 128-139.
MA Min, ZUO Zhen, HAN Yandong, QIU Ye, QIAO Mudong. Origin of surface substrate for soil salinization and alkalization in the Songnen Plain. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2025, 37(2): 128-139.

链接本文:

https://www.gtzyyg.com/CN/10.6046/zrzyyg.2023330 或 https://www.gtzyyg.com/CN/Y2025/V37/I2/128

Fig.1 研究区位置和盐碱化土壤类型、地下水位图

Tab.1 Sentinel-2多光谱传感器波段介绍

Fig.2 研究方法流程图

序号	名称	公式	参考文献
1	归一化土壤盐分指数NDSI	NDSI=(B4-B8)/(B4+B8)	[33-36]
2	近红外-短波红外盐分指数NSI	NSI=(B11-B12)/(B11+B8)	[37]
3	ASTER盐分指数ASTER_SI	ASTER_SI=(B11-B12)/(B11+B12)	[31,38 -39]
4	增强型盐分指数ESI	ESI=2.5(B4-B8)/(B8+6B4-7.5B2+1)	[40]
5	盐分指数SI₁	SI₁=(B4+B3)/2	[39,41]
6	盐分强度指数II₁	II₁=(B8+B4+B3)/3	[39,41]
7	盐分指数SI-T	SI-T=(B4/B8)·100	[42]
8	波段比值盐分指数BRSI₁	BRSI₁=B2/B3	[42]
9	波段比值盐分指数BRSI₂	BRSI₂=B2/B4	[34,41 -44]
10	波段比值盐分指数BRSI₃	BRSI₃=B2/B8	[42]
11	波段比值盐分指数BRSI₄	BRSI₄=B3/B4	[42]
12	波段比值盐分指数BRSI₅	BRSI₅=B3/B8	[42]
13	波段比值盐分指数BRSI₆	BRSI₆=B4·B3/B2	[34,43 -44]
14	波段比值盐分指数BRSI₇	BRSI₇=B4·B2/B3	[34,42 -43]
15	波段比值盐分指数BRSI₈	BRSI₈= (B2-B4)/(B2+B4)	[34,43]
16	波段比值盐分指数BRSI₉	BRSI₉=B11·B4/B3	[45]
17	波段比值盐分指数BRSI₁₀	BRSI₁₀= (B2-B12)/(B2+B12)	[45]
18	波段比值盐分指数BRSI₁₁	BRSI₁₁=B11/B12	[34,39,42]
19	波段比值盐分指数BRSI₁₂	BRSI₁₂= (B4-B11)/(B4+B11)	[34]
20	表层土壤盐分指数SSSI₁	SSSI₁=B11-B12	[31]
21	表层土壤盐分指数SSSI₂	SSSI₂=(B11·B12-B12·B12)/B11	[31]
22	盐分强度指数II₂	II₂= $B 32 + B 42 + B 82$	[34,39,41 -42]
23	盐分强度指数II₃	II₃= $B 32 + B 42$	[34,39,41 -42]
24	盐分亮度指数BI₁	BI₁= $B 42 + B 82$	[33,41 -42]
25	盐分亮度指数BI₂	BI₂= $B 32 + B 82$	[39,42]
26	盐分亮度指数BI₃	BI₃= $B 42 + B 72$	[31]
27	盐分指数SI₂	SI₂= $B 2 · B 4$	[31,33 -34,42 -43]
28	盐分指数SI₃	SI₃= $B 3 · B 4$	[33-34,39,41 -42,46]
29	盐分指数SI₄	SI₄= $B 4 · B 8$	[42]

Tab.2 常用的遥感土壤盐分光谱指数(SSI)

Tab.3 常用的遥感土壤水分光谱指数(SWI)

序号	名称	公式^①	参考文献
1	归一化植被指数NDVI	NDVI=(B8-B4)/(B8+B4)	[39,41,44,46]
2	环境植被指数EVI	EVI=2.5(B8-B4)/ (B8 +6B4-7.5B2 +1)	[39,46]
3	土壤调节植被指数SAVI	SAVI=1.5(B8-B4)/ (B8+B4 +0.5)	[34,39,41,47,53]
4	比值植被指数RVI	RVI=B8/B4	[54]
5	差值植被指数DVI	DVI=B8-B4	[41]
6	垂直植被指数PVI	PVI=[B8-(aB4 +b)]/ $(1 + a 2)$	[41,55]
7	改进型土壤调节植被指数TSAVI	TSAVI=a[B8-(cB4+d)]/[B4+c(B8-d)+0.08(1+c²)]	[41,56]
8	缨帽变换后的绿度指数TCG	TCG=-0.063 5B1-0.112 8B2-0.168 0B3-0.348 0B4-0.330 3B5+0.085 2B6+ 0.330 2B7+0.316 5B8+0.362 5B8A+0.046 7B9-0.457 8B11-0.406 4B12	[57]
9	冠层盐分响应指数CRSI	CRSI= $(B 8 · B 4 - B 4 · B 2) / (B 8 · B 4 + B 4 · B 2$	[42,46]

Tab.4 常用的遥感植被光谱指数(VI)

Fig.3 SSAI与TWSS拟合结果

Fig.4 遥感反演土壤盐碱化分布状况

统计量	盐分含量/ (g·kg^-1)	$ρ (C O 3 2 - +$ $H C O 3 -) /$ (g·kg^-1)	ρ(Cl^-+ $S O 4 2 -) /$ (g·kg^-1)	pH值
最大值	9.99	2.86	3.737	9.23
最小值	0.15	0.055	0.018	5.44
平均值	1.73	0.79	0.30	7.85

Tab.5 表层土壤盐分离子含量统计表

Fig.5 表层盐碱化土壤Piper三线图

Fig.6 土壤盐碱化变化状况桑基图

统计量	地表水			地下水
统计量	$ρ (C O 3 2 - + H C O 3 -) /$ (mg·L^-1)	$ρ (C l - + S O 4 2 -) /$ (mg·L^-1)	pH值	$ρ (C O 3 2 - + H C O 3 -) /$ (mg·L^-1)	$ρ (C l - + S O 4 2 -) /$ (mg·L^-1)	pH值
最大值	2 145.10	2 572.40	9.64	1 159.00	336.60	9.08
最小值	301.10	39.73	7.65	99.54	18.78	7.11
平均值	790.65	433.29	8.56	370.76	90.73	7.61

Tab.6 地表水、地下水盐分离子含量统计表

Fig.7 地表水和地下水盐分离子Gibbs图

Fig.8 土壤深位碱化特征

Fig.9 研究区地表基质三维特征

Fig.10 研究区土壤盐碱化过程示意图

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