土地覆盖分类体系分析和总结

doi:10.6046/zrzyyg.2022367

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土地覆盖分类体系是土地覆盖研究中的重要内容。该文总结了9种主要土地覆盖分类体系,展示了分类体系和相应数据产品,分析了体系之间的区别和联系,讨论了土地覆盖分类体系精细程度,以及分类体系、空间分辨率、空间覆盖范围的关系,讨论了分类体系之间的语义一致性。论文认为土地覆盖分类体系(land cover classification system,LCCS)和全球土地覆盖精细分辨率观测与监测数据(finer resolution observation and monitoring of global land cover,FROM-GLC)分类体系在精细化分类方面具有优势,高空间分辨率精细分类存在较大技术挑战和实现难度; 目前分类体系之间在逻辑关系、精细分类、名称定义、代码等多方面,存在明显的语义不一致现象; 最后总结指出全球土地覆盖分类研究存在全球化和区域化并存、分类更加精细、产品精度更高、时间间隔和空间分辨率更加细致的发展趋势,数据产品的语义不一致性还需改进,未来需在加强分类体系的兼容性、实现数据产品的共享互操作方面提出解决方案。

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	臧明润
	廖远鸿
	陈舟
	白玉琪

关键词 ：土地覆盖, 分类体系, 时间分辨率, 空间分辨率, 数据产品, 语义一致性

Abstract：

Land cover classification systems constitute a significant aspect of land cover research. This study summarized nine major land cover classification systems. It presented these classification systems along with their relevant data products and analyzed the differences and connections between them. Moreover, this study discussed the relationship of their fineness with spatial resolution and coverage, as well as their semantic consistency. The results indicate that LCCS and Finer Resolution Observation and Monitoring of Global Land Cover(FROM-GLC) excel in fine-scale classification but face technical challenges and implementation difficulties in fine-scale classification based on high spatial resolution data. Current classification systems exhibit significant semantic inconsistencies in logical relationships, fine-scale classification, nomenclature, and code. Global land cover classification research shows the following development trends: the coexistence of globalization and regionalization, finer-scale classification, higher product accuracy, and more detailed temporal and spatial resolution. The semantic consistency of data products needs to be enhanced by strengthening the compatibility of classification systems and finding solutions to data product sharing and interoperability.

Key words： land cover classification system temporal resolution spatial resolution data product semantic consistency

收稿日期: 2022-09-15 出版日期: 2025-12-31

ZTFLH:

TP79

基金资助:国家重点研发计划项目“面向开放科学的国际地球观测系统互操作体系研究与示范”(2019YFE0126400)

通讯作者: 白玉琪(1976-),男,博士,教授,主要从事地球空间数据基础设施及其应用研究。Email: yuqibai@tsinghua.edu.cn。

作者简介: 臧明润(2001-),男,博士研究生,主要从事生态学、地理信息科学研究。Email: zangmr@foxmail.com。

引用本文:

臧明润, 廖远鸿, 陈舟, 白玉琪. 土地覆盖分类体系分析和总结[J]. 自然资源遥感, 2025, 37(6): 22-40.
ZANG Mingrun, LIAO Yuanhong, CHEN Zhou, BAI Yuqi. Analysis and summary of land cover classification systems. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2025, 37(6): 22-40.

链接本文:

https://www.gtzyyg.com/CN/10.6046/zrzyyg.2022367 或 https://www.gtzyyg.com/CN/Y2025/V37/I6/22

Tab.1 USGS Anderson土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.2 NLCD 2019美国国家土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.3 GeoCover LC全球土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.4 CORINE CLC土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.5 IGBP和UMD全球土地覆盖分类体系

IGBP			UMD		LAI		BGC		PFT
编码	类型名		编码	类型名	编码	类型名	编码	类型名	编码	类型名
0/17^①	水体(water bodies)		0	水体(water bodies)	0	水体(water bodies)	0	水体(water bodies)	0	水体(water bodies)
1	常绿针叶林(evergreen needleleaf forests)		1	常绿针叶林(evergreen needleleaf forests)	7	常绿针叶林(evergreen needleleaf forests)	1	常绿针叶林(evergreen needleleaf forests)	1	常绿针叶林(evergreen needleleaf forests)
2	常绿阔叶林(evergreen broadleaf forests)		2	常绿阔叶林(evergreen broadleaf forests)	5	常绿阔叶林(evergreen broadleaf forests)	2	常绿阔叶林(evergreen broadleaf forests)	2	常绿阔叶林(evergreen broadleaf forests)
3	落叶针叶林(deciduous needleleaf forests)		3	落叶针叶林(deciduous needleleaf forests)	8	落叶针叶林(deciduous needleleaf forests)	3	落叶针叶林(deciduous needleleaf forests)	3	落叶针叶林(deciduous needleleaf forests)
4	落叶阔叶林(deciduous broadleaf forests)		4	落叶阔叶林(deciduous broadleaf forests)	6	落叶阔叶林(deciduous broadleaf forests)	4	落叶阔叶林(deciduous broadleaf forests)	4	落叶阔叶林(deciduous broadleaf forests)
5	混交林(mixed forests)		5	混交林(mixed forests)	—	—	—	—	—	—
—	—		—	—	2	灌木林(shrublands)	—	—	5	灌木(shrub)
6	郁闭灌木林(closed shrublands)		6	郁闭灌木林(closed shrublands)	—	—	—	—	—	—
7	稀疏灌木林(open shrublands)		7	稀疏灌木林(open shrublands)	—	—	—	—	—	—
8	有林草原(woody savannas)	8		有林草原(woody savannas)	—	—	—	—	—	—
9	稀树草原(savannas)	9		稀树草原(savannas)	4	稀树草原(savannas)	—	—	—	—
10	草原(grasslands)	10		草原(grasslands)	1	草原(grasslands)	—	—	6	草(grass)
—	—	—		—	—	—	5	一年生阔叶植被(annual broadleaf vegetation)	—	—
—	—	—		—	—	—	6	一年生草本植被(annual grass vegetation)	—	—
11	永久湿地(permanent wetlands)	11		永久湿地(permanent wetlands)	—	—	—	—	—	—
12	农田(croplands)	12		农田(croplands)	—	—	—	—	—	—
—	—	—		—	—	—	—	—	7	谷物农田(cereal croplands)
—	—	—		—	3	阔叶农田(broadleaf croplands)	—	—	8	阔叶农田(broadleaf croplands)
13	城镇与建成区(urban and built-up lands)	13		城镇与建成区(urban and built-up lands)	10	城镇与建成区(urban and built-up lands)	8	城镇与建成区(urban and built-up lands)	9	城镇与建成区(urban and built-up lands)
14	农田/自然植被混合区(cropland/natural vegetation mosaics)	14		农田/自然植被混合区(cropland/natural vegetation mosaics)	—	—	—	—	—	—
15	永久冰雪(permanent snow and ice)	—		—	—	—	—	—	10	永久冰雪(permanent snow and ice)
16	裸地(barren)	15		无植被土地(non-vegetated lands)	9	无植被土地(non-vegetated lands)	7	无植被土地(non-vegetated lands)	11	裸地(barren)
255	无类别的(unclassified)	255		无类别的(unclassified)	255	无类别的(unclassified)	255	无类别的(unclassified)	255	无类别的(unclassified)

Tab.6 基于IGBP,UMD,LAI,BGC和PFT的MODIS土地覆盖分类体系

Fig.1 LCCS的体系框架设计(二分阶段)

Tab.7 基于LCCS分类体系的GLC2000 土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.8 基于LCCS分类体系的GLCNMO土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.9 基于LCCS的MODIS土地覆盖分类体系

一级类(编码+地类)	二级类(编码+地类)
0无数据(no data)
10耕地,雨水灌溉(cropland, rainfed)	11草本植物覆盖; 12树叶或灌木覆盖
20耕地,灌溉的或洪水后的耕地(cropland, irrigated or postflooding)	—
30混合式耕地(>50%)/自然植被(树木、灌木、草本植物覆盖)(<50%)(mosaic cropland (>50%) / natural vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<50%))	—
40混合式自然植被(树木、灌木、草本植物覆盖)(>50%)/耕地(<50%)(mosaic natural vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (>50%) / cropland (<50%))	—
50树木覆盖,阔叶树,常绿,郁闭至稀疏(>15%)(tree cover, broadleaved, evergreen, closed to open (>15%))	—
60树木覆盖,阔叶树,落叶树,郁闭至稀疏(>15%)(tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%))	61树木覆盖,阔叶树,落叶树,郁闭的(>40%); 62树木覆盖,阔叶树,落叶,稀疏的(15-40%)
70树木覆盖,针叶树,常绿,郁闭的(>40%)(tree cover, needleleaved, evergreen, closed to open (>15%))	71树木覆盖,针叶树,常绿,郁闭的(>40%); 72树木覆盖,针叶树,落叶树,郁闭的(>40%)
80树木覆盖,针叶树,落叶树,郁闭至稀疏(>15%)(tree cover, needleleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%))	81树木覆盖,针叶树,落叶树,郁闭的(>40%); 82树木覆盖,针叶,落叶树,稀疏的(15-40%)
90树木覆盖,混合叶子类型(阔叶和针叶)(tree cover, mixed leaf type (broadleaved and needleleaved))	—
100混合的树木和灌木(<>50%)/草本植物覆盖(<50%)(mosaic tree and shrub (>50%) / herbaceous cover (<50%))	—
110混合的草本植物覆盖率(>50%)/树木和灌木(<50%)(mosaic herbaceous cover (>50%) / tree and shrub (<50%))	—
120灌木丛地(shrubland)		121常绿灌木丛地; 122落叶灌木丛地
130草地(grassland)		—
140地衣和苔藓(lichens and mosses)		—
150稀疏的植被(树木、灌木、草本植物覆盖)(<15%)(sparse vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<15%))		151稀疏的树(<15%); 152稀疏的灌木(<15%); 153稀疏的草本植物覆盖(<15%)
160树木覆盖,被淹没,淡水或半咸水(tree cover, flooded, fresh or brakish water)		—
170树木覆盖,被淹没,咸水(tree cover, flooded, saline water)		—
180灌木或草本植物覆盖,淹没,淡水/咸水/半咸水(shrub or herbaceous cover, flooded, fresh/saline/brakish water)		—
190城市地区(urban areas)		—
200裸露区城(bare areas)		201固结的裸露区域; 202未固结的裸露区域
210水体(water bodies)		—
220永久性的冰雪(permanent snow and ice)		—

Tab.10 基于LCCS分类体系的CCI-LC全球年度土地覆盖图分类体系

编码	类型名
11	洪水后或灌溉后的耕地(post-floodin or irrigated croplands)
14	雨水灌溉的耕地(rainfed croplands)
20	混合耕地(50%~70%)/植被(草地、灌木丛、森林)(20%~50%)mosaic cropland (50%~70%) / vegetation (grassland, shrubland, forest) (20%~50%)
30	混合植被(草地、灌丛、森林)(50%~70%)/耕地(20%~50%)(mosaic vegetation (grassland, shrubland, forest) (50%~70%) / cropland (20%~50%))
40	郁闭到稀疏的(>15%)常绿阔叶林和/或半落叶林(>5 m)(closed to open (>15%) broadleaved evergreen and/or semi-deciduous forest (>5 m))
50	郁闭的(>40%)阔叶落叶林(>5 m)(closed (>40%) broadleaved deciduous forest (>5 m))
60	稀疏的(15%~40%)阔叶落叶林(>5 m)(open (15%~40%) broadleaved deciduous forest (>5 m))
70	郁闭的(>40%)常绿针叶林(>5 m)(closed (>40%) needleleaved evergreen forest (>5 m))
90	稀疏的(15%~40%)针叶落叶或常绿林(>5 m)(open (15%~40%) needleleaved deciduous or evergreen forest (>5 m))
100	郁闭到稀疏(>15%)阔叶和针叶混交林(>5 m)(closed to open (>15%) mixed broadleaved and needleleaved forest (>5 m)
110	混交林:灌丛(50%~70%)/草地(20%~50%)(mosaic forest/shrubland (50%~70%)/grassland (20%~50%))
120	混交林:草原(50%~70%)/森林-灌丛(20%~50%)(mosaic grassland(50%~70%)/forest/shrubland (20%~50%))
130	郁闭到稀疏(>15%)灌木丛(<5 m)(closed to open (>15%) shrubland (<5 m))
140	郁闭到稀疏(>15%)草地(closed to open (>15%) grassland)
150	稀疏(>15%)植被(木本植被、灌木、草地)(sparse (>15%) vegetation (woody vegetation, shrubs, grassland))
160	郁闭(>40%)阔叶林经常被洪水淹没-淡水(closed (>40%) broadleaved forest regularly flooded - fresh water)
170	郁闭(>40%)半落叶阔叶林和/或常绿阔叶林经常被洪水淹没-咸水(closed (>40%) broadleaved semi-deciduous and/or evergreen forest regularly flooded - saline water)
180	郁闭至稀疏(> 15%)植被(草原,灌木地,木本植被)的定期泛滥或含水土壤-淡水,半咸水或盐水)(closed to open (>15%) vegetation (grassland, shrubland, woody vegetation) on regularly flooded or waterlogged soil -fresh, brackish or saline water)
190	人造表面和相关区域(城市区域>50%)(artificial surfaces and associated areas (urban areas >50%))
200	裸地(bare areas)
210	水体(water bodies)
220	永久冰雪(permanent snow and ice)

Tab.11 基于LCCS分类体系的GlobCover土地分类体系

Tab.12 基于LCCS分类体系的CGLS-LC100土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.13 基于LCCS分类体系的GLC_FCS30-2015土地覆盖精细分类体系

Tab.14 基于LCCS分类体系的GLC_FCS30-2020土地覆盖精细分类体系

Tab.15 基于LCCS分类体系的iMap World 1.0土地覆盖制图分类体系

Tab.16 基于LCCS分类体系的WorldCover 10 m土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.17 基于LCCS分类体系的GLC-SHARE全球土地覆盖汇总类别

Tab.18 基于LCCS的GeoWiki Hybrid土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.19 GlobeLand30土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.20 AGLC土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.21 FROM-GLC 2010土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.22 FROM-GLC 2015土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.23 FROM-GLC 2017土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.24 FROM-GLC-seg土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.25 FROM-GLC-agg土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.26 基于FROM-GLC第二版分类体系的GLASS-GLC土地覆盖分类体系

Tab.27 基于FROM-GLC分类体系的iMap World 1.0土地覆盖制图分类体系

Tab.28

Tab.29 Dynamic World分类体系

Tab.30 土地覆盖分类体系汇总

序号	数据产品	下载链接
1	GLASS-GLC	https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.913496
2	DISCover	https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=930
3	UMD	https://www.qgistutorials.com/en/docs/open_bil_bip_bsq_files
4	GLC2000	https://forobs.jrc.ec.europa.eu/glc2000
5	GLC-SHARE	https://www.fao.org/land-water/land/land-governance/land-resources-planning-toolbox/category/details/en/c/1036355/
6	GLCNMO	https://globalmaps.github.io/glcnmo.html#use
7	MCD12Q1	https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mcd12q1v006/
8	MCD12C1	https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mcd12c1v006/
9	CCI-LC	http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php
10	GlobCover	https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Space_for_our_climate/ESA_global_land_cover_map_available_online
11	CLC	https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover
12	CGLS-LC100	https://land.copernicus.eu/global/products/lc
13	GLC_FCS30-2015	https://zenodo.org/record/3986872#.ZEbv7HZBxPY
14	GLC_FCS30-2020/GLC_FCS30-1985_2020	https://zenodo.org/record/4280923#.ZEbrBXZBxPZ/ https://zenodo.org/records/8239305
15	GeoWiki Hybrid 1, 2	https://www.geo-wiki.org/
16	iMap World 1.0	暂未提供数据
17	GlobeLand30	https://www.webmap.cn/commres.do?method=globeIndex
18	AGLC-2000-2015	https://code.earthengine.google.com/?asset=users/xxc/GLC_2000_2015
19	FROM-GLC30 (2010)	https://data-starcloud.pcl.ac.cn/
20	FROM-GLC30 (2015)	https://data-starcloud.pcl.ac.cn/
21	FROM-GLC30 (2017)	https://data-starcloud.pcl.ac.cn/
22	FROM-GLC-seg	https://data-starcloud.pcl.ac.cn/
23	FROM-GLC-agg	https://data-starcloud.pcl.ac.cn/
24	NLCD	https://www.usgs.gov/centers/eros/science/national-land-cover-database#data
25	GeoCover LC	https://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc02/pap0811/p0811.htm
26	FROM-GLC10	https://data-starcloud.pcl.ac.cn/
27	WorldCover 10 m	https://viewer.esa-worldcover.org/worldcover/ https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7254221
28	Esri 10m Land Cover	https://livingatlas.arcgis.com/landcoverexplorer/
29	Dynamic World	https://sites.google.com/view/dynamic-world/home; https://www.dynamicworld.app/explore/

Appendix Tab.1 本文相关的各土地覆盖数据产品的下载链接

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