The exploitation of rich and unique mineral resources in Hainan Island has promoted economic growth but has also caused serious ecological environment problems. Analyzing the impacts of mining in Hainan Island and proposing suggestions on ecological restoration facilitate the protection and management of the ecological environment in Hainan Island. To this end, this study obtained the information on land destruction and ecological restoration of mines in Hainan Island using 2018 remote sensing images with high spatial resolution through image preprocessing, establishing interpretation indicators, and man-machine interactive interpretation. Specifically, with the information on land destruction and ecological restoration of mines as input, the assessment indicator system for mine geological environment was established based on 13 assessment factors of four categories, namely physical geography, basic geology, resource damage, and geological environment. Then, this study analyzed and assessed the effects of the geological environment of mines based on the analytic hierarchy process, obtaining the following results. The severely affected areas account for 0.22% of the total land area of Hainan Province and are mainly distributed in Wenchang City, Ledong Li Autonomous County, Xiuying District of Haikou City, Chengmai County, Lin’gao County, and Changjiang Li Autonomous County. The mine geological environment problems in these areas mainly include secondary geological disasters such as mining collapse of goaves and landslides caused by the mining of large-scale iron ore mines, as well as soil erosion and ecosystem degradation caused by the mining of coastal zirconium-titanium placers. The moderately severely affected areas account for 1.68% of the total land area of Hainan Province and are mainly distributed in Wenchang City, Danzhou City, Chengmai County, Qionghai City, Lin’gao County, Haikou City, and Dongfang City. The mine geological environment problems mainly include land damage caused by landslides induced by the mining of small- and medium-sized iron ore mines, as well as severe impacts on original terrain and landforms and the natural ecological environment caused by mining. The generally affected areas account for 4.93% of the total land area of Hainan Province and are mainly distributed in the coastal areas in the eastern part, the economically developed areas in the middle and northern parts, and the area with rich metallic minerals in the western part in Hainan Province. The mine geological environment problems in these areas mainly include the destruction of the surface landforms and natural vegetation caused by the mining of the scattered small nonmetal mines of building materials. This study proposed ecological restoration countermeasures targeting the different geological environment problems. For metal mines, it is suggested to primarily restore the ecosystem by natural restoration methods, supplemented by artificial restoration methods based on the elimination of geological hazards, soil improvement, and water environment management. For zirconium-titanium placers and nonmetal mines of building materials, it is recommended to restore vegetation to prevent water and soil erosion. For the coastal mine areas with severe desertification, it is recommended to gradually restore the ecosystem of the mining areas by growing crops such as watermelons and peanuts to improve soil and planting trees such as casuarina and Vatican hainanensis.