Analysis and summary of land cover classification systems

doi:10.6046/zrzyyg.2022367

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Abstract

Land cover classification systems constitute a significant aspect of land cover research. This study summarized nine major land cover classification systems. It presented these classification systems along with their relevant data products and analyzed the differences and connections between them. Moreover, this study discussed the relationship of their fineness with spatial resolution and coverage, as well as their semantic consistency. The results indicate that LCCS and Finer Resolution Observation and Monitoring of Global Land Cover(FROM-GLC) excel in fine-scale classification but face technical challenges and implementation difficulties in fine-scale classification based on high spatial resolution data. Current classification systems exhibit significant semantic inconsistencies in logical relationships, fine-scale classification, nomenclature, and code. Global land cover classification research shows the following development trends: the coexistence of globalization and regionalization, finer-scale classification, higher product accuracy, and more detailed temporal and spatial resolution. The semantic consistency of data products needs to be enhanced by strengthening the compatibility of classification systems and finding solutions to data product sharing and interoperability.

Keywords land cover classification system temporal resolution spatial resolution data product semantic consistency

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TP79

Issue Date: 31 December 2025

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	Mingrun ZANG
	Yuanhong LIAO
	Zhou CHEN
	Yuqi BAI

Cite this article:

Mingrun ZANG,Yuanhong LIAO,Zhou CHEN, et al. Analysis and summary of land cover classification systems[J]. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2025, 37(6): 22-40.

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https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/10.6046/zrzyyg.2022367 OR https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/Y2025/V37/I6/22

Tab.1 USGS Anderson land cover classification system

Tab.2 NLCD 2019 U.S. national land cover classification system

Tab.3 GeoCover LC global land cover classification system

Tab.4 CORINE CLC land cover classification system

Tab.5 IGBP and UMD global land cover classification systems

IGBP			UMD		LAI		BGC		PFT
编码	类型名		编码	类型名	编码	类型名	编码	类型名	编码	类型名
0/17^①	水体(water bodies)		0	水体(water bodies)	0	水体(water bodies)	0	水体(water bodies)	0	水体(water bodies)
1	常绿针叶林(evergreen needleleaf forests)		1	常绿针叶林(evergreen needleleaf forests)	7	常绿针叶林(evergreen needleleaf forests)	1	常绿针叶林(evergreen needleleaf forests)	1	常绿针叶林(evergreen needleleaf forests)
2	常绿阔叶林(evergreen broadleaf forests)		2	常绿阔叶林(evergreen broadleaf forests)	5	常绿阔叶林(evergreen broadleaf forests)	2	常绿阔叶林(evergreen broadleaf forests)	2	常绿阔叶林(evergreen broadleaf forests)
3	落叶针叶林(deciduous needleleaf forests)		3	落叶针叶林(deciduous needleleaf forests)	8	落叶针叶林(deciduous needleleaf forests)	3	落叶针叶林(deciduous needleleaf forests)	3	落叶针叶林(deciduous needleleaf forests)
4	落叶阔叶林(deciduous broadleaf forests)		4	落叶阔叶林(deciduous broadleaf forests)	6	落叶阔叶林(deciduous broadleaf forests)	4	落叶阔叶林(deciduous broadleaf forests)	4	落叶阔叶林(deciduous broadleaf forests)
5	混交林(mixed forests)		5	混交林(mixed forests)	—	—	—	—	—	—
—	—		—	—	2	灌木林(shrublands)	—	—	5	灌木(shrub)
6	郁闭灌木林(closed shrublands)		6	郁闭灌木林(closed shrublands)	—	—	—	—	—	—
7	稀疏灌木林(open shrublands)		7	稀疏灌木林(open shrublands)	—	—	—	—	—	—
8	有林草原(woody savannas)	8		有林草原(woody savannas)	—	—	—	—	—	—
9	稀树草原(savannas)	9		稀树草原(savannas)	4	稀树草原(savannas)	—	—	—	—
10	草原(grasslands)	10		草原(grasslands)	1	草原(grasslands)	—	—	6	草(grass)
—	—	—		—	—	—	5	一年生阔叶植被(annual broadleaf vegetation)	—	—
—	—	—		—	—	—	6	一年生草本植被(annual grass vegetation)	—	—
11	永久湿地(permanent wetlands)	11		永久湿地(permanent wetlands)	—	—	—	—	—	—
12	农田(croplands)	12		农田(croplands)	—	—	—	—	—	—
—	—	—		—	—	—	—	—	7	谷物农田(cereal croplands)
—	—	—		—	3	阔叶农田(broadleaf croplands)	—	—	8	阔叶农田(broadleaf croplands)
13	城镇与建成区(urban and built-up lands)	13		城镇与建成区(urban and built-up lands)	10	城镇与建成区(urban and built-up lands)	8	城镇与建成区(urban and built-up lands)	9	城镇与建成区(urban and built-up lands)
14	农田/自然植被混合区(cropland/natural vegetation mosaics)	14		农田/自然植被混合区(cropland/natural vegetation mosaics)	—	—	—	—	—	—
15	永久冰雪(permanent snow and ice)	—		—	—	—	—	—	10	永久冰雪(permanent snow and ice)
16	裸地(barren)	15		无植被土地(non-vegetated lands)	9	无植被土地(non-vegetated lands)	7	无植被土地(non-vegetated lands)	11	裸地(barren)
255	无类别的(unclassified)	255		无类别的(unclassified)	255	无类别的(unclassified)	255	无类别的(unclassified)	255	无类别的(unclassified)

Tab.6 MODIS land cover classification system based on IGBP, UMD, LAI, BGC, PFT

Fig.1 Design of the system framework of LCCS (dichotomous phase)

Tab.7 GLC2000 land cover classification system based on LCCS classification system

Tab.8 GLCNMO land cover classification system based on LCCS classification system

Tab.9 MODIS land cover classification system based on LCCS

一级类(编码+地类)	二级类(编码+地类)
0无数据(no data)
10耕地,雨水灌溉(cropland, rainfed)	11草本植物覆盖; 12树叶或灌木覆盖
20耕地,灌溉的或洪水后的耕地(cropland, irrigated or postflooding)	—
30混合式耕地(>50%)/自然植被(树木、灌木、草本植物覆盖)(<50%)(mosaic cropland (>50%) / natural vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<50%))	—
40混合式自然植被(树木、灌木、草本植物覆盖)(>50%)/耕地(<50%)(mosaic natural vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (>50%) / cropland (<50%))	—
50树木覆盖,阔叶树,常绿,郁闭至稀疏(>15%)(tree cover, broadleaved, evergreen, closed to open (>15%))	—
60树木覆盖,阔叶树,落叶树,郁闭至稀疏(>15%)(tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%))	61树木覆盖,阔叶树,落叶树,郁闭的(>40%); 62树木覆盖,阔叶树,落叶,稀疏的(15-40%)
70树木覆盖,针叶树,常绿,郁闭的(>40%)(tree cover, needleleaved, evergreen, closed to open (>15%))	71树木覆盖,针叶树,常绿,郁闭的(>40%); 72树木覆盖,针叶树,落叶树,郁闭的(>40%)
80树木覆盖,针叶树,落叶树,郁闭至稀疏(>15%)(tree cover, needleleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%))	81树木覆盖,针叶树,落叶树,郁闭的(>40%); 82树木覆盖,针叶,落叶树,稀疏的(15-40%)
90树木覆盖,混合叶子类型(阔叶和针叶)(tree cover, mixed leaf type (broadleaved and needleleaved))	—
100混合的树木和灌木(<>50%)/草本植物覆盖(<50%)(mosaic tree and shrub (>50%) / herbaceous cover (<50%))	—
110混合的草本植物覆盖率(>50%)/树木和灌木(<50%)(mosaic herbaceous cover (>50%) / tree and shrub (<50%))	—
120灌木丛地(shrubland)		121常绿灌木丛地; 122落叶灌木丛地
130草地(grassland)		—
140地衣和苔藓(lichens and mosses)		—
150稀疏的植被(树木、灌木、草本植物覆盖)(<15%)(sparse vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<15%))		151稀疏的树(<15%); 152稀疏的灌木(<15%); 153稀疏的草本植物覆盖(<15%)
160树木覆盖,被淹没,淡水或半咸水(tree cover, flooded, fresh or brakish water)		—
170树木覆盖,被淹没,咸水(tree cover, flooded, saline water)		—
180灌木或草本植物覆盖,淹没,淡水/咸水/半咸水(shrub or herbaceous cover, flooded, fresh/saline/brakish water)		—
190城市地区(urban areas)		—
200裸露区城(bare areas)		201固结的裸露区域; 202未固结的裸露区域
210水体(water bodies)		—
220永久性的冰雪(permanent snow and ice)		—

Tab.10 CCI-LC global annual land cover map classification system based on LCCS classification system

编码	类型名
11	洪水后或灌溉后的耕地(post-floodin or irrigated croplands)
14	雨水灌溉的耕地(rainfed croplands)
20	混合耕地(50%~70%)/植被(草地、灌木丛、森林)(20%~50%)mosaic cropland (50%~70%) / vegetation (grassland, shrubland, forest) (20%~50%)
30	混合植被(草地、灌丛、森林)(50%~70%)/耕地(20%~50%)(mosaic vegetation (grassland, shrubland, forest) (50%~70%) / cropland (20%~50%))
40	郁闭到稀疏的(>15%)常绿阔叶林和/或半落叶林(>5 m)(closed to open (>15%) broadleaved evergreen and/or semi-deciduous forest (>5 m))
50	郁闭的(>40%)阔叶落叶林(>5 m)(closed (>40%) broadleaved deciduous forest (>5 m))
60	稀疏的(15%~40%)阔叶落叶林(>5 m)(open (15%~40%) broadleaved deciduous forest (>5 m))
70	郁闭的(>40%)常绿针叶林(>5 m)(closed (>40%) needleleaved evergreen forest (>5 m))
90	稀疏的(15%~40%)针叶落叶或常绿林(>5 m)(open (15%~40%) needleleaved deciduous or evergreen forest (>5 m))
100	郁闭到稀疏(>15%)阔叶和针叶混交林(>5 m)(closed to open (>15%) mixed broadleaved and needleleaved forest (>5 m)
110	混交林:灌丛(50%~70%)/草地(20%~50%)(mosaic forest/shrubland (50%~70%)/grassland (20%~50%))
120	混交林:草原(50%~70%)/森林-灌丛(20%~50%)(mosaic grassland(50%~70%)/forest/shrubland (20%~50%))
130	郁闭到稀疏(>15%)灌木丛(<5 m)(closed to open (>15%) shrubland (<5 m))
140	郁闭到稀疏(>15%)草地(closed to open (>15%) grassland)
150	稀疏(>15%)植被(木本植被、灌木、草地)(sparse (>15%) vegetation (woody vegetation, shrubs, grassland))
160	郁闭(>40%)阔叶林经常被洪水淹没-淡水(closed (>40%) broadleaved forest regularly flooded - fresh water)
170	郁闭(>40%)半落叶阔叶林和/或常绿阔叶林经常被洪水淹没-咸水(closed (>40%) broadleaved semi-deciduous and/or evergreen forest regularly flooded - saline water)
180	郁闭至稀疏(> 15%)植被(草原,灌木地,木本植被)的定期泛滥或含水土壤-淡水,半咸水或盐水)(closed to open (>15%) vegetation (grassland, shrubland, woody vegetation) on regularly flooded or waterlogged soil -fresh, brackish or saline water)
190	人造表面和相关区域(城市区域>50%)(artificial surfaces and associated areas (urban areas >50%))
200	裸地(bare areas)
210	水体(water bodies)
220	永久冰雪(permanent snow and ice)

Tab.11 GlobCoverland classification system based on LCCS classification system

Tab.12 CGLS-LC100 land cover classification system based on LCCS classification system

Tab.13 GLC_FCS30 2015 land cover fine classification system based on LCCS classification system

Tab.14 GLC_FCS30-2020 land cover fine classification system based on LCCS classification system

Tab.15 iMap World 1.0 land cover mapping classification system based on LCCS classification system

Tab.16 WorldCover 10 m land cover classification system based on LCCS classification system

Tab.17 GLC-SHARE global land cover summary categories based on LCCS classification system

Tab.18 GeoWiki Hybrid land cover classification system based on LCCS

Tab.19 GlobeLand30 land cover classification system

Tab.20 AGLC land cover classification system

Tab.21 FROM-GLC 2010 land cover classification system

Tab.22 FROM-GLC 2015 land cover classification system

Tab.23 FROM-GLC 2017 land cover classification system

Tab.24 FROM-GLC-seg land cover classification system

Tab.25 FROM-GLC-agg land cover classification system

Tab.26 GLASS-GLC land cover classification system based on FROM-GLC version 2 classification system

Tab.27 iMap World 1.0 land cover mapping classification system based on the FROM-GLC classification system

Tab.28 Esri 10 m land cover classification system

Tab.29 Dynamic World classification system

Tab.30 Summary of land cover classification systems

序号	数据产品	下载链接
1	GLASS-GLC	https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.913496
2	DISCover	https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=930
3	UMD	https://www.qgistutorials.com/en/docs/open_bil_bip_bsq_files
4	GLC2000	https://forobs.jrc.ec.europa.eu/glc2000
5	GLC-SHARE	https://www.fao.org/land-water/land/land-governance/land-resources-planning-toolbox/category/details/en/c/1036355/
6	GLCNMO	https://globalmaps.github.io/glcnmo.html#use
7	MCD12Q1	https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mcd12q1v006/
8	MCD12C1	https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mcd12c1v006/
9	CCI-LC	http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php
10	GlobCover	https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Space_for_our_climate/ESA_global_land_cover_map_available_online
11	CLC	https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover
12	CGLS-LC100	https://land.copernicus.eu/global/products/lc
13	GLC_FCS30-2015	https://zenodo.org/record/3986872#.ZEbv7HZBxPY
14	GLC_FCS30-2020/GLC_FCS30-1985_2020	https://zenodo.org/record/4280923#.ZEbrBXZBxPZ/ https://zenodo.org/records/8239305
15	GeoWiki Hybrid 1, 2	https://www.geo-wiki.org/
16	iMap World 1.0	暂未提供数据
17	GlobeLand30	https://www.webmap.cn/commres.do?method=globeIndex
18	AGLC-2000-2015	https://code.earthengine.google.com/?asset=users/xxc/GLC_2000_2015
19	FROM-GLC30 (2010)	https://data-starcloud.pcl.ac.cn/
20	FROM-GLC30 (2015)	https://data-starcloud.pcl.ac.cn/
21	FROM-GLC30 (2017)	https://data-starcloud.pcl.ac.cn/
22	FROM-GLC-seg	https://data-starcloud.pcl.ac.cn/
23	FROM-GLC-agg	https://data-starcloud.pcl.ac.cn/
24	NLCD	https://www.usgs.gov/centers/eros/science/national-land-cover-database#data
25	GeoCover LC	https://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc02/pap0811/p0811.htm
26	FROM-GLC10	https://data-starcloud.pcl.ac.cn/
27	WorldCover 10 m	https://viewer.esa-worldcover.org/worldcover/ https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7254221
28	Esri 10m Land Cover	https://livingatlas.arcgis.com/landcoverexplorer/
29	Dynamic World	https://sites.google.com/view/dynamic-world/home; https://www.dynamicworld.app/explore/

Appendix Tab.1 Download links for each land cover data product relevant to this paper

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