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Remote Sensing for Natural Resources    2025, Vol. 37 Issue (6) : 191-200     DOI: 10.6046/zrzyyg.2024321
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Spatiotemporal evolution and trade-off/synergy analysis of ecosystem services in the Xi’an section of the Qinling Mountains
ZHANG Yiwen1(), LI Fengxia2(), ZHANG Rui1, FENG Xiaogang2, LI Meng2, HU Moqing2
1. School of Resources Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
2. School of Architecture, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
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Abstract  

This study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution and trade-off/synergy relationships of ecosystem services in the Xi'an section of the Qinling Mountains. To this end, it quantitatively assessed the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of four ecosystem services-water yield, soil conservation, carbon reserves, and food supply-from 2003 to 2023 based on the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs (InVEST) model. By integrating Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and geographically weighted regression (GWR), this study identified and quantified trade-off/synergy relationships among ecosystem services. Finally, the impacts of changes in land use on ecosystem services were analyzed. The results showed that water yield and soil conservation generally showed a rapidly decreasing trend followed by a slow increase, while carbon reserves and food supply exhibited a slow decline. In addition, synergistic relationships were observed between water yield and soil conservation, between water yield and carbon reserves, and between carbon reserves and soil conservation. In contrast, trade-off relationships were identified between food supply and water production, soil conservation, and carbon reserves. In the study area, increases in forestland and grassland led to a diminution in water yield. The expansion of construction land and the loss of arable land resources directly triggered a reduction in carbon reserves, while an increase in forestland contributed to soil conservation. These findings can provide a scientific basis for the eco-environmental protection and sustainable development of the Qinling area.
Keywords land use change      ecosystem service      integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs (InVEST) model      tradeoff/synergy     
ZTFLH:  TP79  
Issue Date: 31 December 2025
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Yiwen ZHANG
Fengxia LI
Rui ZHANG
Xiaogang FENG
Meng LI
Moqing HU
Cite this article:   
Yiwen ZHANG,Fengxia LI,Rui ZHANG, et al. Spatiotemporal evolution and trade-off/synergy analysis of ecosystem services in the Xi’an section of the Qinling Mountains[J]. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2025, 37(6): 191-200.
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https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/10.6046/zrzyyg.2024321     OR     https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/Y2025/V37/I6/191
Fig.1  Schematic of the study area
Fig.2  Intensity map of land use change
强度类型 地类流向 判定条件 趋势描述
绝对强度 获取转入 绝对转入强度>平均绝对转入强度 倾向于从地类i获得转入,反之受到抑制
均匀转出 绝对转出强度>平均绝对转出强度 倾向于转出为地类j,反之受到抑制
相对强度 获取转入 相对转入强度>平均相对转入度 相对倾向于从地类i获得转入,反之受到抑制
均匀转出 相对转出强度>平均相对转入度 相对倾向于转出为地类j,反之受到抑制
Tab.1  Criteria for determining land use changes at different intensity types
类型 地上生物
量碳密度		 地下生物
量碳密度		 土壤碳密度 死亡有机
物碳密度
草地 39.99 97.99 113.17 0.50
耕地 52.68 91.42 122.80 0.70
建设用地 2.83 0.00 88.36 0.00
林地 48.03 131.29 116.34 2.00
水域 3.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
Tab.2  Carbon density data of different land use types (t/hm2)
Fig.3  Spatial distribution map of land use types
类型 2003年 2013年 2023年
面积/km2 占比/% 面积/km2 占比/% 面积/km2 占比/%
草地 138.85 1.77 25.26 0.32 31.75 0.40
耕地 2 556.74 32.60 1 929.38 24.60 1 977.13 25.21
建设用地 489.82 6.25 633.47 8.08 709.64 9.05
林地 4 638.90 59.14 5 226.24 66.63 5 105.56 65.10
水域 18.86 0.24 28.82 0.37 19.09 0.24
Tab.3  Area and proportion of land use types
年份 草地 耕地 建设用地 林地 水域 综合
2003—2013年 -8.18 -2.45 2.93 1.27 5.28 0.94
2013—2023年 2.57 -0.25 1.20 -0.23 -3.38 0.17
2003—2023年 -7.71 -2.27 4.49 1.01 -0.12 0.88
Tab.4  Dynamics degree of single land use and comprehensive land use (%)
2003年 2023年 转出
总计
草地 耕地 建设用地 林地 水域
草地 19.34 2.75 1.59 108.84 0.23 113.41
耕地 0.43 1 776.73 380.38 399.14 8.21 788.16
建设用地 0.38 114.69 308.59 56.06 3.39 174.52
林地 11.47 81.52 13.06 4 536.28 1.55 107.60
水域 0.03 3.41 5.81 3.60 5.69 12.85
转入总计 12.31 202.37 400.84 567.64 13.38 1 196.54
Tab.5  Land use transfer matrix (km2)
Fig.4  Land use intensity map
Fig.5  Spatiotemporal distribution and variation of water yield in the study area
Fig.6  Spatiotemporal distribution and variation of soil conservation in the study area
Fig.7  Spatiotemporal distribution and variation of carbon storage in the study area
Fig.8  Spatiotemporal distribution and variation of food supply in the study area
Fig.9  Comparative analysis of ecosystem service functions across land use types
Fig.10  Correlation between ecosystem in the study area from 2003 to 2023
Fig.11  Spatial patterns of ecosystem service trade-offs/synergies in the study area from 2003 to 2023
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