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Remote Sensing for Land & Resources    2020, Vol. 32 Issue (1) : 120-129     DOI: 10.6046/gtzyyg.2020.01.17
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Spatio-temporal variation in the land ecological risk of Yan’an City
Yifang DUAN1,2, Zhiyuan REN1(), Xiao ZHOU1, Yijie SUN1
1. College of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
2. College of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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Abstract  

As a key and demonstration area for the implementation of the national ecological project of returning farmland to forestry, Yan’an City is a concentrated area of ecological problems in China. It is of great significance to study the spatial and temporal differences of land ecological risks for the sustainable development of regional land and the formulation of differentiated land and resources development policies. According to the basic characteristics of land ecosystem, four risk indicators, namely vegetation coverage, percentage anomaly precipitation, land use structure risk index and soil erosion index, were selected to construct a comprehensive evaluation model of land ecological risk. Then on the basis of pixel scale, each factor index and comprehensive index of land ecological risk were calculated. In combination with exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), the spatial and temporal evolution of land ecological risk and spatial agglomeration effect in Yan’an City from 2000 to 2015 was analyzed. Then the corresponding suggestions for comprehensive management of land in different regions were put forward. The results are as follows: The land ecology of Yan’an City is in good condition as a whole, whereas the land comprehensive ecological risk and the risk of the four ecological factors temporally decrease on the whole; nevertheless, the area of Baota District and Luochuan County is higher in this aspect, and high comprehensive risk areas increase slightly. The land comprehensive ecological risk of Yan’an City shows a strong spatial agglomeration. Hot spots include urban hot spots located in urban construction areas and northern hot spots distributed in five districts and counties of Zichang County, Ansai District, Yanchuan County, and Wuqi County. The cold points are mainly located in Huanglong County, Yichuan County, Huangling County, Fuxian County and the southwest area of Ganquan County. Thanks to the implementation of national eco-engineering measures such as returning farmland to forestry (grassland) and closing hillsides for reforestation, the agglomeration degree of hot spots has been gradually weakening. However, the area of urban hot spots in Baota District continues to increase, and hence attention should be paid to strengthening ecological management. As cold spot areas in northwest Fuxian and western Yichuan County has been shrinking because of climate drought, attention should be paid to optimizing the allocation of water resources.
Keywords land ecological risk      exploratory spatial data analysis      spatial agglomeration      Yan’an City     
:  TP79  
Corresponding Authors: Zhiyuan REN     E-mail: renzhy@snnu.edu.cn
Issue Date: 14 March 2020
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Yifang DUAN
Zhiyuan REN
Xiao ZHOU
Yijie SUN
Cite this article:   
Yifang DUAN,Zhiyuan REN,Xiao ZHOU, et al. Spatio-temporal variation in the land ecological risk of Yan’an City[J]. Remote Sensing for Land & Resources, 2020, 32(1): 120-129.
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https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/10.6046/gtzyyg.2020.01.17     OR     https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/Y2020/V32/I1/120
Fig.1  Overview of study area
风险指标 计算公式或模型 注释 标准化公式
植被覆盖度指数 VFC=NDVI-NDVIminNDVImax-NDVImin VFC为植被覆盖度指数[16,17],值越大,风险越小; NDVImin和NDVImax分别为归一化植被指数的最小值和最大值 逆向标准化
PVFC=VFCmax-VFCVFCmax-VFCmin
降水距平百分比指数 Si=Ri-R-a-bR-a-b·100% Si为第i年降水距平百分比指数[18,19],值越大,风险越小; Ri为第i年年降水量; Rˉa-b为多年平均降水量 逆向标准化
PS=Smax-SSmax-Smin
土地利用结构风险指数 ERI=∑i=1nBiB·Wi·100% ERI为土地利用结构风险指数,值越大,风险越大; Bi为第i类土地利用类型面积; B为研究区总面积; Wi表示第i类土地利用类型生态风险权重,借鉴臧淑英[7]和马彩虹[8]的研究成果,采用AHP法确定。林地、草地、水体、耕地、建设用地和未利用地的风险权重分别为0.035,0.055,0.06,0.314,0.402和0.134 正向标准化
PERI=ERI-ERIminERImax-ERImin
土壤侵蚀风险指数 A=R·K·C·LS·T A为土壤侵蚀风险指数,t·hm-1,值越大,风险越大; R为降雨侵蚀力因子; K为土壤可蚀性因子; C为覆盖与管理因子; LS为坡长坡度因子; T为土壤保持措施因子,依据坡度范围: ≤6°,(6°,15°],(15°,25°],﹥25°分别取值为0.20,0.35,0.65和0.80; C,LS和T为无量纲因子,采用相应的经验公式模型计算得到[20,21,22] 正向标准化
PA=A-AminAmax-Amin
Tab.1  Selection of risk evaluation index and standardization method
等级 Ⅰ级 Ⅱ级 Ⅲ级 Ⅳ级 Ⅴ级
风险指数 ≤0.1 (0.1,0.25] (0.25,0.4] (0.4,0.55] >0.55
风险状态 低 较低 中等 较高 高
Tab.2  Classification standards of land ecological risk
Fig.2  Spatial distribution of vegetation coverage in different period
Fig.3  Spatial distribution of percentage of precipitation anomaly in different period
Fig.4  Distribution of land use structure risk grade in different period
Fig.5  Distribution of soil water erosion in different period
Fig.6  Spatio-temporal distribution of land comprehensive ecological risk from 2000 to 2015
区县 2000年 2010年 2015年
指数 等级 指数 等级 指数 等级
黄陵县 0.034 I 0.166 II 0.055 I
延长县 0.819 V 0.696 IV 0.533 III
安塞区 0.713 IV 0.551 IV 0.59 IV
志丹县 0.709 IV 0.498 III 0.505 III
吴起县 0.741 IV 0.546 III 0.66 IV
宝塔区 0.474 III 0.436 III 0.487 III
延川县 0.782 V 0.785 V 0.622 IV
子长县 0.694 IV 0.559 IV 0.625 IV
甘泉县 0.212 II 0.148 I 0.284 II
富县 0.073 I 0.034 I 0.159 II
洛川县 0.474 III 0.566 IV 0.523 III
宜川县 0.396 III 0.209 II 0.255 II
黄龙县 0.016 I 0.057 I 0.072 I
Tab.3  Land ecological risk index and its grades in every county
Fig.7  Spatial and temporal evolution of hot and cold spots of land comprehensive ecological risk in Yan’an City
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