Spatiotemporal response of wetland landscape to urban expansion in Phnom Penh, Cambodia determined based on remote sensing

doi:10.6046/zrzyyg.2021325

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Abstract

Phnom Penh is a typical city in the Lancang-Mekong River basin. It has rapidly developed and expanded under the Belt and Road Initiative and has continuously invaded its surrounding wetlands. To fully understand the response of the wetland landscape to the urban expansion in Phnom Penh, this study extracted the 2000—2020 land use data of this city from five phases of Landsat images, then analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of the changes in wetland landscapes and the land use for urban expansion from the aspects of area change, spatial distribution, change intensity, and landscape pattern, and finally established the quantitative relationships between the wetland landscape and the land use for urban expansion using the correlation coefficient. The results are as follows. The construction land and bare land in Phnom Penh had expanded outwards from the center, and their sizes had constantly increased during 2000—2020, especially during 2001—2005. Their spatial structures were increasingly concentrated, and the shapes were more complex. The wetland area continuously decreased, and the swamps and paddy fields were converted to construction land and bare land intensively. In particular, swamps with an area of 124.06 km² were converted to construction land and bare land. In other words, about one-third of the swamps disappeared. The wetland landscape tended to be distributed in a fragmented and regularized manner. Its connectivity degree decreased and its ecological functions such as lowering the temperature, increasing the humidity, and regulating and storing floodwater were weakened. These changes in the wetland in Phnom Penh are significantly related to urban expansion, with a correlation coefficient in terms of area greater than 0.97 (p < 0.01). There is also a strong correlation between the intensity of the urban expansion and the wetland landscape pattern. To maintain the sustainable development of the city, it is necessary to reasonably plan the spatial layout in the process of urban expansion. The urban expansion should be conducted mainly through intensive development, paddy fields should be utilized first if necessary, and the occupation and destruction of swamps and wetlands should be avoided as much as possible.

Keywords wetland urban expansion landscape pattern Phnom Penh, Cambodia

ZTFLH:	P237
	TP79

Corresponding Authors: ZHANG Aizhu E-mail: dxywy1020@126.com;zhangaizhu789@163.com

Issue Date: 21 September 2022

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	Li DONG
	Na AN
	Genyun SUN
	Aizhu ZHANG
	Zhijun JIAO
	Sunjinyan DING
	Jie GE

Cite this article:

Li DONG,Na AN,Genyun SUN, et al. Spatiotemporal response of wetland landscape to urban expansion in Phnom Penh, Cambodia determined based on remote sensing[J]. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2022, 34(3): 173-183.

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https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/10.6046/zrzyyg.2021325 OR https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/Y2022/V34/I3/173

Fig.1 Image of the study area

Tab.1 Landsat datasets

Tab.2 Classification system of landscapes in Phnom Penh

Fig.2 Flowchart

Fig.3 Direction map

景观指数	表达式	数学解释	生态含义
AWMFD	$A W M F D = ∑ i = 1 m ∑ j = 1 k 2 l n (0.25 C i j) l n (a i j) (a i j O)$	i为斑块类型; m为景观中所有斑块类型的总数目; j为斑块数目; k为某一斑块类型中斑块的总数目; C_ij为斑块的周长; a_ij为斑块的面积; O为景观的总面积	1≤AWMFD≤2,AWMFD越大,缀块形状越复杂
ED	$E D = ∑ j = 1 k e i j O (10000)$	e_ij为斑块的边缘长度	ED≥0,反映了破碎化程度和生境缀块之间的隔离程度,ED越大,湿地景观破碎化越严重
AI	$A I = g i i m a x → g i i (100)$	g_ii为斑块类型i的像素之间的相似邻接数; $m a x → g i i$ 为最大相似邻接数	0≤AI≤100,AI越大,同一类型的湿地越聚合

Tab.3 Formulas and ecological meanings of landscape metrics

Fig.4 Area change of landscape in the Phnom Penh from 2001 to 2020

Fig.5 Spatial distributions of landscapes in Phnom Penh from 2001 to 2020

Tab.4 Transfer matrix between the different landscape types in Phnom Penh from 2001 to 2020(km²)

Fig.6 Change intensity of landscape in the Phnom Penh

Fig.7 Change intensity of landscape in different direction

Fig.8 Changes in class-level metrics of landscape types in the Phnom Penh from 2000 to 2020

湿地类型	面积		变化强度		ED		AI		AWMFD
湿地类型	建设用地	裸地	建设用地	裸地	建设用地	裸地	建设用地	裸地	建设用地	裸地
湖泊	0.841	0.830	0.961^*	0.730	0.952^*	0.923^*	0.408	0.954^*	-0.937^*	0.352
沼泽	-0.99 $5 * * ①$	-0.996^**	-0.043	0.032	0.918^*	0.889^*	-0.946^*	-0.428	0.562	0.741
养殖池	0.977^**	0.980^**	0.964^*	0.969^*	0.491	0.412	0.853	0.435	0.978^**	-0.090
水田	-0.991^**	0.978^**	0.239	-0.064	0.026	0.122	-0.845	-0.507	-0.269	-0.776

Tab.5 Correlation between wetland and urban expansion land

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