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Remote Sensing for Natural Resources    2025, Vol. 37 Issue (3) : 54-64     DOI: 10.6046/zrzyyg.2024038
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Exploring the ecological effects of land use changes in mining areas under different mining modes based on the Google Earth Engine
LIN Xinyuan1(), CHENG Yangjian1, XIE Wei2, LI Chuanqing3, NIE Wen2()
1. School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362200, China
2. Sinosteel Ma’anshan General Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Ma’anshan 243000, China
3. School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
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Abstract  

To investigate the ecological and environment effects of land-use changes under different mining modes, this study utilized the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing platform to construct a remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) by integrating the greenness, heat, dryness, and wetness indicators. The RSEI was utilized to assess the ecological quality of two mining areas with different mining modes: the Guqiao Coal Mine in Huainan City (underground mining) and the Nanshan Iron Mine in Ma’anshan City (open-pit mining). Through a comparative analysis of relevant data from 2000 to 2020, this study analyzed the dynamic evolutionary patterns between land use changes and ecological quality in the two mining areas. The results indicate that cultivated land occupied the largest proportion in both mining areas. The underground mining area was characterized by a significantly expanded water area, whereas the open-pit mining area featured reduced cultivated and forest lands and increased construction land. Both mining areas exhibited overall good-to-fair ecological quality. Specifically, the RSEI values for the Guqiao Coal Mine were 0.60, 0.82, 0.71, 0.65, and 0.68, while those for the Nanshan Iron Mine were 0.58, 0.59, 0.59, 0.63, and 0.64. Among various land use types, construction land and water bodies displayed relatively poor ecological conditions, whereas forest and cultivated lands exhibited more favorable conditions. The underground mining area showed surface subsidence and the transition of cultivated land to water areas, leading to deteriorating ecological quality. In contrast, the open-pit mining area showed soil stripping, shrinking forest and cultivated lands, and construction land expansion, contributing significantly to the declining ecological quality.
Keywords underground mining      open-pit mining      Google Earth Engine (GEE)      land use change      remote sensing ecological index (RSEI)     
ZTFLH:  TP79  
Issue Date: 01 July 2025
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Xinyuan LIN
Yangjian CHENG
Wei XIE
Chuanqing LI
Wen NIE
Cite this article:   
Xinyuan LIN,Yangjian CHENG,Wei XIE, et al. Exploring the ecological effects of land use changes in mining areas under different mining modes based on the Google Earth Engine[J]. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2025, 37(3): 54-64.
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https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/10.6046/zrzyyg.2024038     OR     https://www.gtzyyg.com/EN/Y2025/V37/I3/54
Fig.1  Location of the study area
Fig.2  Research method flow chart
分类特征 特征信息 波段信息
光谱特征 Landsat5 TM Bblue,Bgreen,Bred,BNIR,BSWIR1,BSWIR2
Landsat8 OLI/TIRS Bblue,Bgreen,Bred,BNIR,BSWIR1,BSWIR2
光谱指数 NDVI[8],NDBI[14],MNDWI[14]
地形特征 SRTM DEM 高度、坡度
Tab.1  Multidimensinal classification feature data set
指数 计算公式 解释
NDVI ( B N I R - B r e d ) / ( B N I R + B r e d ) 式中:BNIR,Bred,Bblue,Bgreen,BSWIR1,BSWIR2 分别为近红外、红光、蓝光、绿光、短波红外1和2波段的反射率[16-17];SI[18]和IBI[19]分别为裸土指数和建筑指数;λ为TIR波段的中心波长;T为传感器探测到的亮温温度; ε为地表比辐射率;ρ = 1.438 × 10-2 m·K。
WET W E T T M = 0.0315 B b l u e + 0.2021 B g r e e n + 0.3102 B r e d + 0.1594 B N I R - 0.6806 B S W I R 1 - 0.6109 B S W I R 2 W E T O L I = 0.1511 B b l u e + 0.1973 B g r e e n + 0.3283 B r e d + 0.3407 B N I R - 0.7117 B S W I R 1 - 0.4559 B S W I R 2
NDBSI ( S I + I B I ) / 2
LST T / [ 1 + ( λ T / ρ ) l n ε ] - 273.15
Tab.2  Calculation formula of remote sensing index
特征变量 顾桥煤矿 南山铁矿
2000年 2005年 2010年 2015年 2020年 2000年 2005年 2010年 2015年 2020年
Bblue 4.62 4.81 6.73 5.93 5.82 6.22 6.20 2.64 5.47 4.67
Bgreen 7.44 7.21 4.74 5.21 5.12 6.40 6.72 5.32 6.43 4.12
Bred 5.47 6.65 3.82 5.49 9.88 6.00 6.36 2.49 4.14 4.48
BNIR 4.80 9.20 8.55 14.68 14.25 2.65 2.36 5.33 3.52 3.88
BSWIR1 3.12 4.09 7.05 5.40 10.18 3.54 1.79 2.37 2.78 5.43
BSWIR2 8.46 10.61 8.70 7.49 11.46 8.05 1.46 5.14 5.39 5.32
NDVI 3.68 6.35 6.73 1.70 6.11 3.28 1.58 5.29 1.08 3.39
NDBI 6.01 6.46 8.21 5.37 8.69 5.58 5.46 5.34 6.44 4.86
MNDWI 6.32 3.62 8.20 6.56 7.67 2.88 6.99 2.46 2.32 5.19
Slope 1.45 5.09 1.69 0.52 4.80 2.01 1.97 3.23 6.33 3.03
Elevation 4.22 4.49 4.22 2.92 1.51 3.38 3.16 5.38 4.05 3.08
Tab.3  The importance of characteristic variables in Guqiao Coal Mine and Nanshan Iron Mine
Fig.3  Accuracy of land use classification for Guqiao Coal Mine and Nanshan Iron Mine
年份 耕地 水域 建设用地
2000年 114.54 7.82 25.24
2005年 100.22 11.22 36.16
2010年 95.50 15.65 36.46
2015年 83.69 18.89 45.02
2020年 89.15 21.70 36.75
Tab.4  Area of each land use type in Guqiao Coal Mine(km2)
年份 耕地 林地 水域 建设用地
2000年 100.98 66.59 6.36 24.85
2005年 98.40 74.14 3.38 22.86
2010年 104.56 40.75 8.95 44.53
2015年 80.90 48.30 2.78 66.79
2020年 78.32 62.02 5.96 52.48
Tab.5  Area of each land use type in Nanshan Iron Mine(km2)
Fig.4  Land use classification results for Guqiao Coal Mine
Fig.5  Land use classification results for Nanshan Iron Mine
指标 顾桥煤矿 南山铁矿
2000年 2005年 2010年 2015年 2020年 2000年 2005年 2010年 2015年 2020年
NDVI 0.585 0.654 0.790 0.647 0.672 0.501 0.733 0.783 0.704 0.712
WET 0.310 0.298 0.191 0.252 0.251 0.341 -0.447 0.058 0.148 0.206
LST -0.123 -0.227 0.034 -0.060 -0.203 -0.406 0.058 -0.416 -0.087 -0.252
NDBSI -0.739 -0.657 -0.581 -0.718 -0.667 -0.684 0.508 -0.459 -0.689 -0.622
特征值 0.049 0.037 0.056 0.029 0.031 0.048 0.007 0.042 0.026 0.048
贡献率/% 70.95 77.89 74.18 71.22 76.94 75.98 79.60 82.70 77.81 85.07
Tab.6  PC1 loadings for the four indicators in Guqiao Coal Mine and Nanshan Iron Mine
Fig.6  RSEI of Guqiao Coal Mine and Nanshan Iron Mine from 2000 to 2020
Fig.7-1  Ecological grading and area chart for Guqiao Coal Mine
Fig.7-2  Ecological grading and area chart for Guqiao Coal Mine
Fig.8  Ecological grading and area chart for Nanshan Iron Mine
趋势等级 顾桥煤矿 南山铁矿
面积/km2 占比/% 面积/km2 占比/%
显著下降 5.46 3.7 22.67 10.9
下降 6.94 4.7 36.18 18.2
无明显变化 2.95 2.0 43.73 22.0
上升 120.59 81.7 76.33 38.4
显著上升 11.66 7.9 19.87 10.5
Tab.7  Area proportion of different RSEI trend in Guqiao Coal Mine and Nanshan Iron Mine from 2000 to 2020
Fig.9  RSEI trend analysis in Guqiao Coal Mine and Nanshan Iron Mine from 2000 to 2020
Fig.10  Ecological contribution rates of land use transfer types in Guqiao Coal Mine and Nanshan Iron Mine
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